Influential People Term paper

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The United Sates has had a short yet complex history in its two hundred and twenty-four years.

She has produced millions and millions of great individuals. These great minds have shaped what America

is today. Others, however, have personally molded this magnificent nation with their own acts. John

Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson are the most influential

builders of the United States of America.

John Adams was born loyal to the English Crown but evolved into the second President of the

Free World. As a lawyer, Adams emerged into politics as an opponent of the Stamp Act and was a leader

in the Revolutionary group opposing the British measures that were to lead to the American Revolution.

Sent to the First Continental Congress, he distinguished himself, and in the Second Continental Congress

he was a moderate but forceful revolutionary. He proposed George Washington as commander in chief of

the Continental troops to bind Virginia more tightly to the cause for independence. He favored the

Declaration of Independence, was a member of the drafting committee, and argued eloquently for it.

Adams was one of the negotiators who drew up the momentous Treaty of Paris to end the American

Revolution. Adams’ diplomatic skills brought him much political fame.

Thomas Jefferson, although never effective as a public speaker, won a reputation as a draftsman of

resolutions and addresses. In the colonial House of Burgesses Jefferson was a leader of the patriot faction.

He helped form, and became a member of, the Virginia Committee of Correspondence. In his paper “A

Summary View of the Rights of British America”, prepared for the First Virginia Convention, he brilliantly

expounded the view that Parliament had no authority in the colonies and that the only bond with England

was that of voluntary allegiance to the king. A delegate to the Second Continental Congress, he served as a

member of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence. That historic document, except for

minor alterations by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin and others made on the floor of Congress, was

wholly the work of Jefferson. In 1783 he was again in the Continental Congress where he drafted a plan

for a decimal system of coinage based on the dollar and drew up a proposed ordinance for the government

of the Northwest Territory, which, although not then adopted, was the basis for the very important

Ordinance of 1787. Though absent when the Constitution was drafted and adopted, Jefferson gave his

support to a stronger central government and to the Constitution, particularly with the addition of the Bill of

Rights. Jefferson was the first President inaugurated in Washington, a city he had helped to plan. He

believed that the Federal government should be concerned mostly with foreign affairs, leaving the states

and local governments free to administer local matters. Despite his contention that the Constitution must

be interpreted strictly, he pushed through the Louisiana Purchase, even though such an action was nowhere

expressly authorized. His eager interest in the West and in exploration had already led him to plan and

organize the Lewis and Clark expedition. Jefferson led a slanderous yet substantial life.

John Marshall’s brilliant skill in argument made him one of the most esteemed of the many great

lawyers of Virginia. A defender of the new U.S. Constitution at the Virginia ratifying convention, Marshall

later staunchly supported the Federalist administration. He accepted appointment as one of the

commissioners to France in the diplomatic dispute that ended in the XYZ Affair. Marshall's effectiveness

there made him a popular figure. In his long service on the bench, Marshall raised the Supreme Court from

an anomalous position in the Federal scheme to power and majesty, and he molded the Constitution by the

breadth and wisdom of his interpretation; he eminently deserves the appellation the Great Chief Justice. He

dominated the court equally by his personality and his ability, and his achievements were made in spite of

strong disagreements with Jefferson and later Presidents. He made incontrovertible the previously

uncertain right of the Supreme Court to review Federal and state laws and to pronounce final judgment on

their constitutionality. He viewed the Constitution on the one hand as a precise document setting forth

specific powers and on the other hand as a living instrument that should be broadly interpreted so as to give

the Federal government the means to act effectively within its limited sphere. His opinion in the

Dartmouth College Case was the most famous of those that dealt with the constitutional requirement of the

inviolability of contract, another favorite theme with Marshall. His interpretation of the interstate

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