Short Summary Of The Protestant Reformation Essay
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Throughout the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church continued to assert itsprimacy of position. The growth of the papacy had paralleled the growth of the church,but by the end of the Middle Ages challenges to papal authority from the rising power ofmonarchical states had resulted in a loss of papal temporal authority. An even greaterthreat to papal authority and church unity arose in the sixteenth century when the unityof medieval European Christendom was irretrievably shattered by the Reformation. Martin Luther was the catalyst that precipitated the new movement. His personalstruggle for religious certainty led him, against his will, to question the medieval systemof salvation and the very authority of the church. His chief opposition was Holy RomanEmperor Charles V who, due to multiple circumstances, was unable to impede Luther smovement. He opposed the Catholic doctrine of faith and good works for salvation,instead proposing a doctrine of salvation through faith. His publishing of theNinety-Five Theses, which covered the abuse of indulgences, is often seen as thebeginning of the Reformation movement. However, the movement was not only confined to Luther's Germany. Nativereform movements in Switzerland found leadership in Ulrich Zwingli, who eventuallysought an alliance with Luther and the German reformers, and especially in John Calvin,whose Institutes of the Christian Religion became the most influential summary of thenew theology. On most important doctrines, Calvin was in agreement with Luther. Calvin differed from Luther in his belief in the concept of predestination, derived fromhis belief in God s supreme authority. This concept became the central focus ofsucceeding generations of Calvinists. One of the more radical Reformation groups, the Anabaptists, set themselvesagainst other Protestants as well as against Rome, rejecting such long-establishedpractices as infant baptism and sometimes even such dogmas as the Trinity anddenouncing the alliance of church and state. They believed in nonviolence and strictseparation of church and state, equality, and voluntary congregations. England during the Reformation was one of continuous change. The English
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