Mike Hunt Essay
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The Inuit
I. Intoduction
The Inuit are people that inhabit small enclaves in the coastal areas of
Greenland, Arctic North America, and extreme northeastern Siberia. The
name Inuit means the real people. In 1977 the Inuit Circumpolar
Conference officially adopted Inuit as the replacement for the term
“Eskimo.” There are several related linguistic groups of Arctic people.
Many of these groups prefer to be called by their specific “tribal” names
rather than as Inuits. In Alaska the term “Eskimo” is still commonly used.
I. Physical Characteristics and Regional Groupings
The Inuit vary within about 2 inches of an average height of 5 foot 4 inches,
and they display metabolic, circulatory, and other adaptations to the Arctic
climate. They inhabit an area spanning almost 3200 miles and have a wider
geographical range than any other aboriginal people and are the most
sparsely distributed people on earth.
II. History
The Inuit share many cultural traits with Siberian Arctic peoples and with
their own closest relatives, the Aleuts. The oldest archaeological sites
identifiable as Inuit date from about 2000 BC and are somewhat distinct
from later Inuit sites. By about 1800 BC the highly developed Old Whaling
or Bering Sea culture and related cultures had emerged in Siberia and in the
Bering Strait region. In eastern Canada the Old Dorset culture flourished
from about 1000 to 800 BC until about AD 1000 to 1300. The Thule Inuit,
who by AD 1000 to 1200 had reached Greenland, overran the Dorset people.
There, Inuit culture was influenced by medieval Norse colonists and, after
1700, by Danish settlers.
III. Language and Literature
The languages of the Inuit people constitute a subfamily of the Eskimo-Aleut
language family. A major linguistic division occurs in Alaska, according to
whether the speakers call themselves Inuit or Yuit. The eastern branch of
the subfamily stretches from eastern Alaska across Canada and through
northern into southern Greenland. This subfamily is generally called
Inupiaq in Alaska, but also Inuktitut in Canada and Kalaallisut in
Greenland. It consists of many dialects, each understandable to speakers of
neighboring dialects, although not to speakers of geographically distant
dialects. The western branch, called Yupik, includes three distinct
languages, Central Alaskan Yupik and Pacific Gulf Yupik in Alaska and
Siberian Yupik in Alaska and Canada. Each of these has several dialects.
The Inupiaq dialects have more than 40,000 speakers in Greenland and more
than 20,000 in Alaska and Canada. About 17,000 people speak Yupik
languages. In the former Soviet Union about 1,000 people spoke it.
Explorers and traders do not learn these languages because they are
some of the most complex and difficult in the world. They rely on a jargon
composed of Danish, Spanish, Hawaiian, and Inupiaq and Yupik words.
V. Social Organization
The manners and customs of the Inuit are remarkably uniform
despite the widespread diffusion of the people. The family is the most
significant social unit. Marriages are generally open to choice. The usual
pattern is monogamy, but both polygyny and polyandry also happen.
Marriage is based on a strict division of labor. The husband and wife have
their own tools, household goods, and other personal possessions. Men build
houses, hunt, and fish. Women cook, dress animal skins, and make clothing.
If one does not take care and help ones kin they will be ridiculed by the
community. In extreme cases they can be put to death. If someone of one
group harms someone from another, there could be a possible blood feud.
This is strongly disapproved. Some groups control disputes by means of
wrestling matches or song duels. These songs tend to be insulting. The loser
of these might be driven from the community.
Alliances between groups that are not related are formed and
maintained by gift giving and the showing of respect. The highest such form
of gift giving occurs when a head of a household offers the opportunity of a
temporary sexual liaison with the most valued adult women of his household.
The women can refuse, then they present a different gift.
VI. Provision of Food
The Inuit mainly eats fish, seals, whales, and related sea mammals.
The flesh of these is eaten cooked, dried, or frozen. The seal is their main
winter food and most valuable resource. They are used for dog food,
clothing, and materials for making boats, tents, and harpoons lines, as well as
fuel for both light and heat. In Alaska and Canada, caribou are...
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