Queen Elizabeth Her Explorers Essay
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Queen Elizabeth I
Queen Elizabeth & Her Explorers (1558-1603) Princess Elizabeth, a slender, athletic,
extremely intelligent young woman, recieved an ideal Rennaissance education in Latin,
Greek and modern languages, in history and Scripture. As Henry VIII’s second eldest
child, shunted back to third in line for the throne by the complex politics of the period,
she also had a very practical education in political intrigue - and the fine art of political
survival. She came in 1558 to the royal throne shaken by a decade of misgovernment,
religious fanaticism, and economic problems. She proceeded to give England 45 years of
strong government, moderate religious policies, and unexplained prosperity. Elizabeth
was a prudent ruler. She avoided costly wars, however, supported the war with Ireland.
“The creation of this English colony (Ireland) led to the expansion of markets for English
goods and the growth in imports of desirable commodities.” Elizabeth sought for
religious compromise rather than religious crusades, worked through her appointed
ministers, and dealt firmly with an increasingly vocal Parliament. She was well served by
lifelong royal counselors such as Lord Treasurer Burghley and veteran warriors such as
Francis Drake. She was less well supported by dashing younger cavaliers such as the Earl
of Essex. “Queen Elizabeth supported colonization ventures only if they did not detract
from what she believed was the primary purpose of her government: to defend the nation
and its territory and to consolidate royal authority within the realm. She was much more
concerned with with preventing invasions of Scotland and Ireland and protecting the
English Channel against the Armada, the Spanish Fleet that threatened English ships on
the high seas. But her government’s hesitance ebbed after the English gained access to
the seas with their seemingly miraculous victory over the Spanish in 1588. From that
point on, the conditions were ripe for colonizing North America.” She supported Martin
Frobisher’s expeditions. England was still too weak to challenge Spain openly, but
Elizabeth hoped to break the Spanish overseas monopoly just the same. She encouraged
her boldest sea dogs to plunder Spanish merchant ships on the high seas. When Captain
Francis Drake was about to set sail on his famous round-the-world voyage in 1577, she
said to him: “Drake! ... I would gladly be revenged on the King of Spain for divers
injuries that I have recieved.” Drake took her at her word. He sailed through the Strait of
Magellan and terrorized the west coast of South America, capturing the Spanish treasure
ship, Cacafuego, heavily ladden with Peruvian silver. After exploring the coast of
California, which he claimed for England, Drake crossed the Pacific and went on to
circumnavigate the globe, returning home in triumph in 1580. Although Elizabeth took
pains to deny it to the Spanish ambassador, Drake’s voyage was officially sponsored.
When schemes to place settlers in the New World began to mature at about this time, the
queen again became involved. The first effort was led by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, an
Oxford educated soldier and courtier with a with a lifelong interest in far-off places.
Gilbert owned a share of the Muscovy Company; as early as 1566, he was trying to get a
royal grant for an expedition in search of the northeast passage to the Orient. But soon his
interests concentrated on the northwest route. He read widely in navigational and
geographical lore and in 1576 wrote a persuasive, Discourse ... to prove a passage by the
north west to Cathaia. Two years later, Queen Elizabeth authorized him to explore and
colonize “heathen lands not actually possessed by any Christian prince.” Nothing was
recorded about his first attempt in 1578-1579; in 1583 he set sail again with five ships
and over 200 settlers. He landed them on...
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