Personal System Essay
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PERSONAL SYSTEMS
Location: Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Personal Systems based on the style of living in Dubai.
Identifying all Inputs and Outputs of daily living and tracing all sources of supply and charting the movement of demands.
United Arab Emirates: Overview
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is enjoying strong economic growth as a
result of the rise in oil prices which began with OPEC production cuts in
March 1999. While the UAE has a relatively diversified economy for a
Persian Gulf oil exporter, the collapse in oil prices from late 1997 to early 1999 resulted in a decline in real gross domestic product (GDP) of 5.0%. Real GDP growth for 1999 was 9.5%, and it is projected at 10.5% for 2000.
Political System
The UAE is a federation of seven emirates - Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, and Umm al-Qaiwain. Political power is concentrated in Abu Dhabi, which controls the vast majority of the UAE's economic and resource wealth. The two largest emirates -- Abu Dhabi and Dubai -- provide over 80% of the UAE's income.
DEMANDS: Basic
Physical Environment:
- Shelter: Multi storey housing, bungalows, and apartments.
Material Flows:
- Air: Atmosphere.
- Water: Groundwater, Rain water, Seawater (Desalinized).
- Exergy: Air conditioning, cooking, transportation etc.
- Information systems
- Food systems
Explanations:
Water: The sources of water are basically ground water, rain water and natural springs. Drinking water is bottled by various companies that own natural springs like Masafi. Masafi is the a spring in the northern part of the country which supplies bottled water and running water. The ground water reservoir is also quite sufficient. Various de-watering companies pump out the water for construction purposes. The water is then filtered and sold to the Government for running water purposes.
Rain water is also collected and used.
Exergy: There are various sources of exergy. There are electrical appliances, ventilation, air conditioning, transportation (vehicle, air),
Oil refineries, industries and many more.
Information systems: This aspect is provided by only Government means and privatization isn't allowed. Etisalat is the Telephone company run by the government that provides internet access, telephone access, mobile phone access and fax services. EDTV and Dubai TV provide channels for information and entertainment. There are various companies that give cable access too.
Waste: There is always waste generated through usage of resources.
Input = Output+Waste+Storage.
It is generated in various forms such as heat, pollution, solid waste, liquid waste and compost. There is no evident recycling service available in comparison with N.America. There is no segregation of waste from the end user. It is segregated by the government agency operating waste services. Liquid waste is dumped into the sea by various pipelines. It is first detoxified and then dumped. Solid waste is segregated and sent to compost
Food: The country is basically a desert with mountainous growth. Agriculture is nearly impossible due to extreme climate. Artificial methods have been adopted to grow certain crops. Mostly fruits like Mango, Strawberry, Apples etc are grown. Vegetables are grown too.
But, most of the food is imported. It is imported from India. Wheat and corn are imported from Punjab (state of India). Vegetables and fruits are imported from all over the country. Delicacies and special food items are imported from various parts of the world including Europe and North America. Even Africa provides quite a percentage of imported food. The only staple crop in UAE is date. Palm trees are abundant and they export fine quality dates.
Supply Sources:
-OIL
The UAE contains proven crude oil reserves of 97.8 billion barrels, or slightly less than 10% of the world total. Abu Dhabi holds 94% of this amount, or about 92.2 billion barrels. Dubai contains an estimated 4.0 billion barrels, followed by Sharjah and Ras al-Khaimah, with 1.5 billion and 100 million barrels of oil, respectively.
The majority of the UAE's crude oil is considered light, with gravities in the 32o to 44o API range. Abu Dhabi's Murban 39o and Dubai's Fateh 32o blends are the UAE's primary export crudes. Most of the UAE's oil fields have been producing since the 1960s or early 1970s. Proven oil reserves in Abu Dhabi have doubled in the last decade, mainly due to significant increases in rates of recovery. Abu Dhabi has continued to identify new finds, especially offshore, and to discover new oil-rich
structures in existing fields.
Under the UAE's constitution, each emirate controls its own oil production and resource development. Although Abu Dhabi joined OPEC in 1967 (four years before the UAE was formed), Dubai does not consider itself part of OPEC or bound by its quotas.
In response to the period of low oil prices in 1998 and early 1999, OPEC agreed in March 1999 to reduce output in an effort to shore up the price of crude. The UAE's production quota was lowered to 2.00 million bbl/d. Actual production fell from a 1999 high of 2.25 million bbl/d in February 1999 to 2.05 million bbl/d in May 1999. After
three rounds of OPEC quota increases in 2000, the UAE quota rose to 2.29 million bbl/d on October 1, 2000. Production in the third quarter of 2000 was 2.27 million bbl/d, and may climb to 2.35 million bbl/d in the fourth quarter of 2000. The UAE's total capacity is 2.60 million bbl/d, making it second only to Saudi Arabia for excess
production capacity among OPEC member states.
-REFINING
The UAE has two refineries operated by ADNOC. The Ruwais refinery underwent a $100-million upgrade in 1995 to a capacity of 145,000 bbl/d. It produces light products mainly for export to Japan and India. Fuel oil from Ruwais is sold as bunkers by ADNOC and also used for domestic power generation. A $1.2-billion second-phase Ruwais expansion is to include a new 135,000-bbl/d crude distillation unit, a 130,000-bbl/d fractionation plant, and expansion of residual oil conversion facilities with a 40,000-bbl/d hydrocracker and a 36,000-bbl/d visbreaker. ADNOC began processing condensate from the Bab and Asab fields at the fractionation unit in May 2000. When the rest of the project is completed by 2003, Ruwais' total capacity will be around 415,000 bbl/d.
UAE has four smaller refineries. Umm al-Nar, in Abu Dhabi, with a capacity of 88,500 bbl/d. Since its construction in 1976, the Umm al-Nar plant has undergone debottlenecking as well as a recent expansion. The refinery primarily supplies the domestic market. Metro Oil has a 75,000-bbl/d refinery in Fujairah. The Emirates National Oil Company (ENOC) Jebal Ali condensate refinery, with a capacity of 140,000 bbl/d, began operation in Dubai in May 1999. A 40,000 bbl/d second-hand gasoline unit, owned by the private firm ISO Octane, opened near Jebal Ali in May 2000.
-NATURAL GAS
The UAE's natural gas reserves of 212 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) are the world's fourth largest after Russia, Iran, and Qatar. The largest reserves of 196.1 Tcf are located in Abu Dhabi. Sharjah, Dubai, and Ras al-Khaimah contain smaller reserves of 10.7 Tcf, 4.1 Tcf, and 1.1 Tcf, respectively. In Abu Dhabi, the non-associated Khuff gas
reservoirs beneath the Umm Shaif and Abu al-Bukhush oil fields rank among the world's largest. Current gas reserves are projected to last for about 150-170 years.
Increased domestic consumption of electricity and growing demand from the petrochemical industry have provided incentives for the UAE to increase its use of natural gas. Over the last decade, gas consumption in Abu Dhabi has doubled, and is projected to reach 4 billion cubic feet per day (bcf/d) by 2005. The development of gas fields also increases exports of condensates, which are not subject to OPEC quotas.
-SUPPLYING DUBAI
Dubai's gas consumption is expected to grow by nearly 7% annually through 2005, due to expansion of the emirate's industrial sector, a...
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