Important People Essay
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Mao Zedong
Sex: Male
Pronunciation: [mow dzuhdoong]
History: also spelled Mao Tse-tung
Life: (1893-1976)
Leader and leading theorist of the Chinese communist revolution, born in the village of Shaoshan, Hunan Province, China, the son of a farmer. He graduated from Changsha teachers' training college, then worked at Beijing University, where he was influenced by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao. He took a leading part in the May Fourth Movement, becoming a Marxist and a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party (1921).
During the first united front with the Guomindang (Nationalist Party), he concentrated on political work among the peasants of his native province, and advocated a rural revolution, creating a soviet in Jiangxi province in 1928. After the break with the Guomindang in 1927, the Communists were driven from the cities, and with the assistance first of Zhu De, later of Lin Biao, he evolved the guerrilla tactics of 'people's war'.
In 1934 the Guomindang was at last able to destroy the Jiangxi Soviet, and in the subsequent Long March the Communist forces retreated to Shanxi to set up a new base. This established Mao's supremacy in the Party.
When in 1936, under the increasing threat of Japanese invasion, the Guomindang renewed their alliance with the Communists, Mao restored and vastly increased the political and military power of his Party. His claim to share in the government led to civil war; the regime of Jiang Jieshi was ousted from the Chinese mainland; and the new People's Republic of China was proclaimed (1949) with Mao as both Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and President of the Republic.
He followed the Soviet model of economic development and social change until 1958, then broke with the USSR and launched his Great Leap Forward, which encouraged the establishment of rural industry and the use of surplus rural labour to create a new infrastructure for agriculture.
The failure of the Great Leap lost him most of his influence, but by 1966, with China's armed forces securely in the hands of his ally Lin Biao, he launched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, and the Great Leap strategy was revived (with caution) when the left wing was victorious in the ensuing political struggles (1966-71).
He died after a prolonged illness, which may have weakened his judgment. A strong reaction then set in against 'cult of personality' and the excessive collectivism and egalitarianism which had emerged during his time in power. A political, military, social, and economic essayist, he was also a significant minor poet.
Kim Il-sung
Sex: Male
Pronunciation: [kim ilsung]
History: originally Kim Song-ju
Life: (1912-94)
North Korean soldier, statesman, prime minister (1948-72), and president (1972-94), born near Pyongyang, Korea. He founded the Korean People's Revolutionary Army in 1932, and led a long struggle against the Japanese. He proclaimed the Republic in 1948, and became effective head of state. He was re-elected president in 1982 and 1986, established a unique personality cult wedded to an isolationist, Stalinist political-economic system, and named his son, Kim Jong-Il (1942-) , as his successor.
Roh Tae-Woo
Pronunciation: [roh tay woo]
Life: (1932-)
South Korean statesman and president (1988—92), born in Sinyong, Kyongsang, South Korea. He studied at the Korean Military Academy (1951—5), became commanding general of the Capital Security Command in 1979, and helped General Chun seize power in the coup...
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