Creation V Evolution An Educational View Essay
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Creation v. Evolution: An Educational View
Many words have been written about the origins of things. Numerous ancient people believed that several powerful gods were responsible for creating human beings (Warburton 12). Another theory is parallel evolution, humans evolving simultaneously in several parts of the world (Allman, 54). The metaphysical assumptions and moral implications demonstrated in aspects of evolution theory have been a source of conflict for over one hundred years. "Pre-Darwinian" biologists based their science on theological assumptions. Science was rooted in religion; its purpose was to prove the existence of God, using as evidence the design and purpose in nature. Darwin introduced as explanation of biological change that "excluded the necessity of supernatural minacy" (Fix 172). He hypothesized that the " human family" arose in Africa. He was right. All the earliest hominid species have been found in Africa, and Africa alone. Thus, Darwin's Origin of Species was viewed as a revolutionary document in 1859, although its primary contribution was to "organize and synthesize a set of ideas that had pervaded the scientific literature for more than fifty years" (Nelkin 17). Thomas Huxley, an early supporter of Darwin's theory attended the famous British Association meeting held at
Gaffney 2
Oxford in 1860. His views clashed with those of the eloquent Bishop of Oxford who defended fundamentalists. Darwin himself took very little part in these controversies and was rather "distressed at the furore to which his ideas had given rise" (Waechter 8), though throughout his life he never altered his views. The introduction of Darwin's theory in the American school system gave a reason for concern about this underlying assumptions and social implications.
There are four basic philosophies on the theory of evolution. A biblical creationist believes that the words in the Bible "And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul" (Genesis 2:7) have literal truth spoken by God and say that the words are enough to explain all things. A scientific creationist respects the words but seeks to prove the account in Genesis by scientific evidence. A theistic evolutionist believes God created heaven and earth and all life, but did so using his own natural laws. This person also believes the six days of creation are equivalent to eons of geologic time. Lastly, the scientist, who by rules of his profession must consider the origin of all things natural and solely in naturalistic terms.
The confrontation between creationism and science is a social, political, and specifically, an educational problem. There are two competing theories that explain how life, earth, and mankind all came to be as we see them today (Moore 42). One is the notion of evolution- that the universe was formed by natural processes in a gradual manner requiring billions of years. However,...
Alland, Alexander. Evolution and Human Behavior. New York: Natural History, 1967.Allman, William F. "Who We Were: The Origins of Modern Humans." U.S. News & World Report 16 Sept. 1991: 53-60.
Eldredge, Niles. The Monkey Business. New York:Washington, 1982.
"Echoes: Cosmology and Gravity." The Economist 10 April 1993:92-93.
"Evolution." New Encyclopedia of Science. 1985 ed.
Fix, William R. The Bone Peddlers: Selling Evolution. New York: Macmillian, 1984.
Moore, Ruth. Evolution. New York: Time, 1964.
Nelkin, Dorothy. The Creation Controversy: Science or Scripture in Schools.New York: Norton, 1982.
Rohr, Janelle, ed. Science & Religion : Opposing Viewpoints. Minnesota: Greenhaven, 1988.
Shapiro, Robert. Origins: A Skeptic's Guide To The Creation Of Life On Earth.
New York: Summit, 1986.
Waechter, John. Prehistoric Man: The Fascinating Story Of Man's Evolution. London:
Octopus, 1977.
Warburton, Lois. Human Origins: Tracing Humanity's Evolution. California:
Lucent,1992.
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