Conflict In The Middle East Term paper
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Conflict In the Middle East
Since the United Nations partition of Palestine in 1947 and the establishment of
the modern state of Israel in 1948, there have been four major Arab-Israeli wars (1947-
49, 1956, 1967, and 1973) and numerous intermittent battles. Although Egypt and Israel
signed a peace treaty in 1979, hostility between Israel and the rest of its Arab neighbors,
especially with Palestinian Arabs, has continued because of the lack of co-operation by
the Arabs.
The first war began as a civil conflict between Palestinian Jews and Arabs
following the United Nations recommendation of November 29, 1947, to partition
Palestine, then still under British mandate, into an Arab state and a Jewish state.
Fighting quickly spread as Arab guerrillas attacked Jewish settlements and
communication links to prevent implementation of the UN plan.
Jewish forces prevented seizure of most settlements, but Arab guerrillas,
supported by the Transjordanian Arab Legion under the command of British officers,
besieged Jerusalem. By April, Haganah, the principal Jewish military group, seized the
offensive, scoring victories against the Arab Liberation Army in northern Palestine, Jaffa,
and Jerusalem. British military forces withdrew to Haifa; although officially neutral,
some commanders assisted one side or the other.
After the British had departed and the state of Israel had been established on May
15, 1948, under the premiership of David Ben-Gurion, the Palestine Arab forces and
foreign volunteers were joined by regular armies of Transjordan (now the kingdom of
Jordan), Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria, with token support from Saudi Arabia. Efforts by the
UN to halt the fighting were unsuccessful until June 1, when a 4-week truce was
declared. When the Arab states refused to renew the truce, ten more days fighting
erupted. In that time Israel greatly extended the area under its control and broke the siege
of Jerusalem. Fighting on a smaller scale continued during the second UN truce
beginning in mid-July, and Israel acquired more territory, especially in Galilee and the
Negev. By January 1949, when the last battles ended, Israel has extended its frontiers by
about 5,000 sq. km (1930 sq mi.) beyond the 15,500 sq. km (4983 sq mi.) allocated to the
Jewish state in the UN partition resolution. It had also secured its independence. During
1949, armistice agreements were signed under UN auspices between Israel and Egypt,
Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. The armistice frontiers were unofficial boundaries until
1967.
Border conflicts between Israel and the Arabs continued despite provisions in the
1949 armistice agreements for peace negotiations. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian
Arabs who had left Israeli-held territory during the first war concentrated in refugee
camps along Israel’s frontiers and became a major source of friction when they infiltrated
back to their homes or attacked Israeli border settlements. A major tension point was the
Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip, which was used by arab guerrillas for raids into southern
Israel. Egypt’s blockade of Israeli shipping in the Suez Canal and Gulf of Aqaba
intensified the hostilities.
These escalating tensions converged with the Suez Crisis caused by the
nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian president Gamal Nasser. Great Britain
and France strenuously objected to Nasser’s policies, and a joint military campaign was
planned against Egypt with the understanding that Israel would take the initiative by
seizing the Sinai Peninsula. The war began on October 29, 1956, after an announcement
that the armies of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan were to be integrated under the Egyptian
commander in chief. Israel’s Operation Kadesh, commanded by Moshe Dayan, lasted
less than a week; its forces reached the eastern bank of the Suez Canal in about 100 hours
, seizing the Gaza Strip and nearly all the Sinai Peninsula. The Sinai operations were
supplemented by an Anglo-French invasion of Egypt on November 5, giving the allies
control of the northern sector of the Suez Canal.
The war was halted by a UN General Assembly resolution calling for an
immediate cease-fire and withdrawal of all occupying forces from Egyptian territory.
The General Assembly also established a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to
replace the allied troops on the Egyptian side of the borders in Suez, Sinai, and Gaza. By
December 22 the last British and French Troops had left Egypt, Israel, however, delayed
withdrawal, insisting than it receives security guarantees against further Egyptian attack.
After several additional UN resolutions calling for withdrawal and after pressure from the
United States, Israel’s forces left in March 1957.
Relations between Israel and Egypt remained fairly stable in the following
decade. The Suez Canal remained closed to Israeli shipping, the Arab boycott of Israel
was maintained, and periodic clashes occurred between Israel, Syria, and Jordan.
However, UNEF prevented direct military encounters between Egypt and Israel.
By 1967 the Arab confrontation states-Egypt, Syria, and Jordan-became
impatient with the status quo, the propaganda war with Israel escalated, and border
incidents increased dangerously. Tensions culminated in May when Egyptian forces
were massed in Sinai, and Cairo ordered the UNEF to leave Sinai and Gaza. President
Nasser also announced that the Gulf of Aqaba would be closed again to Israeli shipping.
At the end of May, Egypt and Jordan signed a new defense pact placing Jordan’s armed
forces under Egyptian command. Efforts to de-escalate the crisis were of no availability
Israeli and Egyptian leaders visited the United States, but President Lyndon Johnson’s
attempts tp persuade Western powers to guarantee free passage through the Gulf failed.
confederate flag in south carolina essay Columbine- should they restrict cliques? essay Columbine essay
Schuster, 1995.
2.) Ciment, John. Palestine/Israel:The Long Conflict. New York: Facts On File, 1997.
3.) Meyer, Lawrence. Israel Now:Portrait of a Troubled Land. New York: Delacorte
Press, 1982.
4.) Perlmutter, Ames. Israel the Partitioned State:A Political History Since 1900. New
York: C.Scrilness Sons, 1985.
5.) Sachar, Howard Morley. A History of Israel Volume 2: From the Aftermath of the
Yom Kippur War. New York, Oxford University Press, 1987.
6.) Usher Graham. Palestine In Crisis: The Struggle for Peace & Political Independence After Oslo. London, Pluto Press, 1995.
7.) Wicks, Ben. Dawn of the Promised Land: The Credits of Israel. Torono, Delacarte
Publishing Co., 1997.
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