History And Structure Of The Internet Term paper
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1) The history of the internet.
1962
J.C.R. Licklider of MIT first came up with the concept of the internet while working in the scientific and military fields in 1962. He moved to DARPA in late 1962 to work on developing his idea. Leonard Kleinrock of MIT later developed the theory of packet switching, which formed the basis of the internet connection.
1965
Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines. This proved that the fundamentals of global communication were possible.
1972
Ray Tomlinson adapted the concept of E-mail for ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). The telnet protocol, enabling logging on to a remote computer, was published as a Request for Comments (RFC). The telnet protocol, enabling logging on to a remote computer, was published as a Request for Comments (RFC). RFC is a means of communicating within the community.
1973
The FTP protocol was developed, this enabled file transfer between internet sites. This meant RFC’s were available electronically to anyone who had use of the ftp protocol. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol to transfer files from one computer to another.
Transmission Control Program forms part of the Internet Protocol Suite, this handles computer-to-computer communication across the network. It carries out tasks such as establishing connections between computers and as such providing transmission of information.
1976
Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe develops Ethernet; this allowed the technology to transfer the data extremely fast. This was crucial to the development of LAN (Local Area Network) and supplies networking capabilities to a group of computers in close proximity to each other. The packet satellite project went into practical use, this network connected the United States with Europe.
UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy) was developed at AT&T Bell Labs. UUCP is a service on a machine that can transfer files. When it started connectivity was expensive so most machines were not connected together but were instead interconnected with a web of UUCP links. Machines would dial up peers and download or upload files on a scheduled basis. Most E-mails and USENET news were transported in this way.
1979
USENET was created by Steve Bellovin, and programmers Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis. It was based on UUCP. All original groups were under net. The Creation of BITNET, by IBM, "Because it’s Time Network", introduced the "store and forward" network. It was used for e-mail and list servers.
1980
ARPANET grinds to a complete halt on 27th of October due to an accidentally-propagated status message virus.
IBM hires Bill Gates and Paul Allen to create an operating system for a new PC. They bought the rights to a simple operating system manufactured by Seattle Computer Products and used it as a template to develop DOS.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC). IBM successfully builds the first prototype computer using RISC. The RISC concept simplified the instruction given to run computers therefore making them faster and more powerful.
1981
Microsoft buys the rights to QDOS from Seattle Computer Products for between $25,000 and $50,000 on July 27. QDOS was the forerunner of DOS (Disk Operating System), QDOS was Quick and Dirty Operating System it was also known as 86-DOS.
The Star workstation which is officially known as the Xerox 8010 Information System was manufactured. It was the first commercial system to incorporate technologies which today are common place.
1982
TCP/IP is a two layered programme. The higher layer is Transmission Control Protocol it manages the assembly of a message or file into smaller pieces which are transmitted over the internet and received by another TCP and reassembled into the original message. The lower layer, Internet Protocol, managed the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination.
1983
Microsoft starts to issue "CPU licenses" for the MS-DOS operating system. This means a PC manufacturer would pay a licence fee per shipped processor, whether MS-DOS was installed for this processor or not. This is a monopolist practice, since the motivation to install any competing operating system is eliminated. Microsoft also demonstrates “Interface Manager” in April, in November, at the plaza hotel in New York, Microsoft announced the release of the Interface Manager but it was called Microsoft Windows.
1984
Domain Name Server (DNS) is introduced. The DSN turns user friendly names like “historyoftheinternet.com” into an IP address like 734.45.35.254 that computers use to identify each other. It is like GPS for the internet. This simplifies communication and research on the internet.
1985
The National Science Foundation (NSF) takes over administration of the network from Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). National Science Foundation (NSF) links its 6 Supercomputer Centers and establishes Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) limiting use of NSFnet to research and education only. The number of hosts connecting has almost reached 2,000. A hose is a computer system with registered ip address.
1986
NNTP (News to News Transfer Protocol), which is more interactive than UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy), is developed for distributing news to Internet newsgroups, allowing news to be transmitted any number of times.
The National Science Foundation in the USA funds the setting up of the 56 Kbit/s NSFNET network, which links US supercomputer centres together to become the Internet using Fuzzball computers. This makes possible Internet links to the scientific community outside the Department-of-Defence-funded ARPANET project, who had had to put up with other alternatives, such as the BITNET and UUCP networks.
1987
The NSF, realizing the rate and commercial significance of the growth of the Internet, signs a cooperative agreement with Merit Networks which is assisted by IBM and MCI. Rick Adams co-founds UUNET to provide commercial access to UUCP and the USENET newsgroups, which are now available for the PC. BITNET and CSNET also merge to form CREN... The T1 idea is so successful that proposals for T3 speeds in the backbone begin.
1988
The Morris WORM burrows on the Internet into 6,000 of the 60,000 hosts now on the network. This is the first worm experience and DARPA forms the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) to deal with future such incidents.
1989
Tim Berners-Lee is the inventor of the Web. In 1989, Tim was working in a computing services section of CERN when he came up with the concept. Particle physics research often involves collaboration among institutes from all over the world. Tim had the idea of enabling researchers from remote sites in the world to organize and pool together information. But far from simply making available a large number of research documents as files that could be downloaded to individual computers; he suggested that you could actually link the text in the files themselves.
1990-2000
In the early 1990s the World Wide Web was enhanced by a team at the National Centre for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois - one of NSF's supercomputer centres. The result was NCSA Mosaic, a graphical, point-and-click hypertext browser that made Internet easy. The resulting explosion in "Web sites" drove the Internet into the public eye. The first search engine is created by McGill University, called the Archie Search Engine.
Banks and shopping malls come online, people slowly start to see how the internet can help with day to day things. You can now order from Pizza Hut and the first cyber bank comes on line. Radio stations really start to take off on the internet. The first web-based machine translation system is developed by, supporting 9 languages.
In 1994, Prodigy became the first of the early-generation dialup services to offer full access to the World Wide Web and to offer Web page hosting to its members. Since Prodigy was not a true Internet service provider, programs that needed an Internet connection, such as Internet Explorer and Quake multiplayer, could not be used with the service.
CompuServe, America Online and Prodigy start providing dial-up Internet access. Sun Microsystems releases the Internet programming language called Java. The Vatican launches its own website, www.vatican.va.
Yahoo was launched by David Filo and Jerry Yang, Amazon was launched by Jeff Bezos and eBay was launched by Pierre Omidyar this year.
The first web based service is provided by HoTMaiL the capitals are homage to HTML.
On July 8, 1997, Internet traffic records are broken as the NASA website broadcasts images taken by Pathfinder on Mars. The broadcast generates 46 million hits in one day
Google went live in 1998, revolutionizing the way in which people find information online. Google opens its first office, in California.
College student Shawn Fanning invents Napster, a computer application that allows users to swap music over the Internet. The number of Internet users worldwide reaches 150 million by the beginning of 1999. More than 50% are from the United States.
1999 was also the year of the millennium bug, when all the computers were meant to go bust. It was feared that the computer’s internal clock would go to 0000 instead of 2000 this was set to be a worldwide disaster if it happened, but it didn’t and the changeover happened without incident.
2000-2011
The Internet bubble bursts, as the fountain of investment capital dries up and the Nasdaq stock index plunges, causing the initial public offering (IPO) window to slam shut and many dotcoms to close their doors.
America Online buys Time Warner for $16 billion. It’s the biggest merger of all time
Napster is dealt a potentially fatal blow when the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco rules that the company is violating copyright laws and orders it to stop distributing copyrighted music. Wikipedia is created
The death bell tolls for Napster after a bankruptcy judge ruled in September that German media giant Bertelsmann cannot buy the assets of troubled Napster Inc. The ruling prompts Konrad Hilbers, Napster CEO, to resign and lay off his staff
In 2003 Spam, unsolicited email, becomes a server-clogging menace. It accounts for about half of all emails. In December, President Bush signs the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (CAN-SPAM Act), which is intended to help individuals and businesses control the amount of unsolicited email they receive.
Apple Computer introduces Apple iTunes Music Store, which allows people to download songs for 99 cents each
Facebook launched in 2004, though at the time it was only open to college students and was called "The Facebook"; later on, "The" was dropped from the name,...
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