World War Ii Term paper
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World War II was one of the deadliest and most destructive wars this world has
seen. The origins of the war were in Germany where Adolf Hitler became the
leader and started ethnic cleansing, killing any Jewish person, gypsy,
homosexual or any other person whom he considered "inferior." Another
cause of the war was the attempted invasion of Ethiopia by Italy, which they
eventually occupied in 1936 despite British and French opposition. Germany
appeared to be winning the war, taking over the Rhineland, Czechoslovakia,
France, Belgium and other pieces of land, up until 1942 when the tides turned in
favor of the Allies. The Japanese naval airpower was devastated by the Americans
and Hitler had recently been defeated at Moscow. Shortly after Italy was
defeated and expelled from the war and Germany's forces were slowly
deteriorated. The war officially ended when the Japanese surrendered following
the detonation of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hitler began
holding meetings with others who thought like him, blaming Jewish people for the
problems in Europe. The Communists continually tried to break up the meetings of
the group who came to be known as the National Socialist Party in 1923. The
National Socialist Party, led by Goering, Hess, Rosenberg, and Roehm, was
outraged with France for occupying the Ruhr. In 1924 Hitler was sentenced to a
four-year prison term for a demonstration where twenty people were killed. He
only ended up serving thirteen months of the term but it provided sufficient
time for him to outline his book Mein Kampf, which means "My Struggle"
in German. The President of the German State, Marshal Hindenburg, was
eighty-three years old as of 1930 and was persuaded to view Hitler as the next
Chancellor of the Reich. Hitler was called to Berlin by the President and on
January thirtieth, 1933 he became the Chancellor of Germany. Hitler's first
acquisition was his reoccupation of the Rhineland, a small portion of western
Germany in 1936. Just three years later German soldiers had already taken over
Czechoslovakia. In early September of the same year Germany took over Poland,
France and Great Britain declare war on Germany, and Norway, Portugal, Spain,
and Ireland all declare neutrality. Later in the year Turkey signs a pact with
Britain and France giving them mutual assistance and the Soviets attack Finland.
In April of 1940 the Danish king announced that Norway was surrendering to
Germany and one month later Belgium does the same. France, under constant
attack, gave into Germany in mid June. Italy, sided with Germany, decides that
it needs control of the Suez Canal so it invades Egypt on September thirteenth.
In October after Hitler's constant nagging, Spain joins the war in exchange for
military, agricultural, and territorial demands. On June twenty-second, 1941
Germany begins Operation Barbarossa, the code name for the invasion of the
U.S.S.R. Hitler's plan was to have his army, 3,200,000 men, split into three
groups; one moving north towards Leningrad, one moving towards Moscow, and one
moving south towards Kiev. By the time his army had taken Kiev it was already
September and as they moved north towards Moscow winter set in early. Hitler's
forces were stuck in the bitter cold of winter. In December a Soviet
counter-attack forced the Germans to withdraw from Moscow. This was the first
sign that Hitler's powerful army could in fact be stopped and that he was bound
to make a mistake at some time. Another Allied force, the British, were also
having good luck. In Libya the British were able to split the army under Rommel,
forcing him to retreat. Early in the morning of December seventh, 1941 a fleet
of 189 Japanese aircraft began attacking Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The first wave of
planes destroyed anything it could find, including American aircraft,
battleships, destroyers, cruisers, and submarines. The second wave followed
shortly and attacked everything the first wave had missed. Anti-aircraft fire
was able to deter a third wave, but an incredible amount of damage had already
happened. In only one hour, forty five minutes the Japanese air forces wrecked
and capsized two battleships and three were resting on the bottom. Nineteen war
ships had been hit and 150 aircraft had been disabled. In all over 2,400
American lives were lost, 2,086 from the Navy and 237 from the Army. As a result
of the bombing of Pearl Harbor the United States, with many of the Latin
American countries, declared war on Germany, Japan and Italy. Although many
countries declared war against the Axis nations, only the United States, Brazil,
and Mexico actually sent troops to fight. At this point the war started to turn
in favor of the Allies. The first major win for the American forces was at the
Battle of the Coral Sea. After the dust settled at Coral Sea the Japanese lost
three heavy cruisers, two destroyers, and more than twenty other ships. Just a
month later the Americans won another decisive battle at Midway. American forces
spotted the Japanese fleet before it was able to do any extensive damage to the
island. By the end of the battle the Japanese were in full retreat after the
loss of four carriers, two large cruisers, three destroyers, and various other
auxiliary craft. In the U.S.S.R. the Germans had resumed their offensive, now
with their primary target as Caucasus, for the oil, and their secondary target
as Stalingrad. The Germans had a chance to attack Stalingrad while it was nearly
defenseless, however they waited and attacked after Soviet reinforcements
arrived. It appeared as though they would capture Caucasus but a fuel shortage
plagued them. In October 1942 the German army had lost twenty-two divisions and
the rest were ordered by Hitler to fight to the last man against the reinforced
Soviets. 22,500 German soldiers under Paulus surrendered inside Caucasus after
losing nearly 200,000, 100,000 dead and 91,000 captured. The only logical place
the Allies could find to attack was Italy, but they first had to go through
Sicily which was guarded by two islands, Pantelleria and Lampedusa. Even though
the attack on Pantelleria destroyed only two of the fifty-four shore batteries,
the Italians flew a white flag when a ship neared the island. The attack on
Sicily by the Allies didn't start well, but they soon got things straightened
out and the Seventh army had gained an important position on the island. On July
twenty-fifth Mussolini, the leader of the Italians, resigned and was immediately
imprisoned, only to be freed by Nazis several weeks later. The Italians
surrendered Sicily unconditionally on September second and their fleet sailed
towards Malta. The Eighth army landed on the southern tip of Italy and moved
north, while the Fifth army landed further up the west coast at Salerno. The
Fifth army nearly faced defeat but gained the advantage once heavy armor
arrived. The Fifth and Eighth armies joined forces 45 miles southeast of Salerno
and moved there way to Foggia, then Naples. Shortly after the Italians abandoned
Sardinia and Corsica. Operations in the Soviet Union continued throughout 1943,
with Germany launching their final offensive in July. The Battle of Kursk
followed shortly, proving to be the greatest tank battle ever. At first the
Soviets forced the Germans behind the Dnieper river, followed by ten German
divisions retreating from the Taman Peninsula to Crimea. Kharkov, Donets,
Taganrog, Poltava, and Smolensk were all liberated by the Soviets by mid
September. The Soviets took a short break and resumed their offensive on October
seventh. In order to prepare for a winter offensive the Soviets rested and
stockpiled after nearly defeating Manstein and Kleist. 1944 began well for the
Allies, as they invaded and conquered the Marshall Islands in late January. The
attack was split into three groups. The first was a task force who annihilated
the defenses of seven different islands. The second was a group of reinforced
marines who took down the islands of Roi and Namur in only four days of close
combat. The final group landed at Majuro, an island wanted for its deep harbors.
However, the island had already been evacuated by the Japanese and it was taken
over without any fighting. The Japanese air base at Engebi was captured after
the loss of 500 Americans' lives. On February sixteenth the naval base of Truk
was raided and 201 enemy planes and twenty-three ships were destroyed at the
cost of seventeen American planes. Less than a week later 135 planes and eleven
surface ships were destroyed at the island of Saipan. Just a month later
American forces captured New Guinea which brought them within 300 miles of the
Philippines. By the spring of 1944 the Soviets reclaimed nearly all of their own
country and began pushing into the Balkans and Poland. The siege at Leningrad
was won after two and a half years. A very important target for the Soviets was
the Odessa-Lvov railway. In just two days they had reached the...
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