Affirmative Action Term paper
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This paper was written to show how Affirmative Action took place. It deals with
the idea that diversity management does not decrease ethnic and gender tensions
while increasing profits, productivity and creativity, but it has served a
general purpose to aware people of different cultures, and establish a
justification to make everybody equal in opportunity not based in race, sex, nor
culture. It also includes a history of the Affirmative Action. The different
paths it has taken along the development it has undergone as time has gone by,
from its beginning as a Civil Rights Act to the Affirmative Action it is today.
Statement of Purpose The three members of the group are members of minorities
and the purpose is to acquaint other minorities with what could be encountered
in finding a job. Scope This paper contains arguments that stand for and against
Affirmative Action programs with cases to substantiate the claims. It also
contains a history of the Affirmative Action and its original purpose. Sources
and Methods The material needed for this paper was gathered from several on-line
resources and a book. Such sources were gathered by searching the Internet and
the School's Library. Report Organization The paper starts by giving the reader
the original purpose of the affirmative Action and its history. Then, it states
several pros and several cons supporting each with a case. At the end of the
paper a summary of the same is given together with the conclusions formed by the
writers of the paper. WHAT IS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION? Affirmative Action is the name
given to programs that try to correct past and ongoing discriminations against
women, racial minorities, and others in the work force and in education. The
principal goal of Affirmative Action is to create more diversity and equal
opportunities in jobs or schools that used to be all or mostly male, white, or
both. Affirmative Action programs have been in place only a little over thirty
years throughout Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. There are three
aspects of Affirmative Action. One, Affirmative Action in employment. It can
consist of posting and publicizing job notices in locations that are likely to
be seen by a wide rang e of people so that not only white people, but also
minorities can see that there are job opportunities that they can apply to (Casul,
1). Two, Affirmative Action in contracting. This consists of highly regulated
government agencies that help minorities to get jobs without haven to go through
discrimination because of their background (Casul, 1). Three, Affirmative Action
in education. This consists of various programs that schools have to be able to
provide minorities with the equal opportunity of an education (Casul, 1). THE
HISTORY OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Affirmative Action was started in 1965 with the
Executive order of President Lyndon B. Johnson. He stated that something else
had to be done to move beyond the non-discrimination laws that were already
enacted. At the same time something had to be done to enable women and
minorities to move up in their jobs. After President Johnson, President Nixon
implemented that same Executive order. With this done President Ford, a few
years later the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Vietnam Era Veterans
Readjustment Act of 1974. This acts assured that federal contractors had
Affirmative Action regulations in hiring or firing employees. Again, some years
later President Carter created a centralized office to handle all Affirmative
Action cases named the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP).
Now, during his presidency, President Clinton has articulated four standards for
all Affirmative Action programs: no quotas in theory or practice, no illegal
discrimination of any kind, no preferences for people not qualified, and as soon
as the program has succeeded it must be retired. THE CASE FOR AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
Since the day that thanks to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 African-American
civilians were able to attend school with everybody else; since the day that
there was no difference between a "white water fountain" and a
"black water fountain", the achievements reached with the help of an
Affirmative Action are evident. Affirmative Action has caused a debate and some
tension to rise in the American society (Lewis, 1). The paragraphs that follow
will be intended to show to the reader that an Affirmative Action can indeed
help the business environment in getting the most qualified people the job they
deserve, without their race, culture or sex prevent them from getting it.
Arguments For Affirmative Action Since the day that Affirmative Action programs
started to take place, minorities have been able to be treated fairly and have
been able to get job opportunities also. The next few paragraphs state several
arguments that point to the conclusion that an Affirmative Action is needed to
provide fairness in every aspect to minorities. The programs are needed because
there are still cases in which minorities and women earn less money than white
people and men regardless of the place they studied and got their degrees from.
They still earn less money regardless of the qualifications and past experience
they might have, to prove this look at any community. How many members of a
minority are in leadership positions? How many members of a minority are elected
into office? Affirmative Action programs are created to provide minorities with
the opportunity to be chosen in better jobs. Affirmative Action programs are
needed as a tool that the Federal government has to provide minorities with the
opportunity to be treated equally (LCCP, 4). These programs are needed because
some institutions in society are not ready to hire minorities just because they
are minorities unless they are forced to do so by law. As long as this is so
Affirmative Action programs should be preserved and improved (Rothstein, 1). THE
CASE AGAINST AFFIRMATIVE ACTION As time has gone by, and as discrimination has
been legally reduced to the point that it is easier tolerate with the help of
several Affirmative Action programs, the idea that such programs are not needed
anymore is rising. Together with the question of Affirmative Action being needed
or not debate has been rising too. Just as there are arguments that...
Casul, Algeo. What Is Affirmative Action? http://www.wco.com/~acasul/algeo/aa.htm23-Mar-1999. Pages 1-2 Jemal, Alison. What's Wrong with Affirmative Action and
Why It Must Go. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/1320/affirmative_action
1997. Pages 1-4. Leadership Conference on Civil Rights. The Case For Affirmative
Action. http://www.civilrights.org Last modified 21-Nov-1997. Pages 1-6 Lewis,
Brian. An Ethical and Practical Defense of Affirmative Action. http://www.princeton.edu/~blewis/action.htm
Pages 1-5 Rothstein, Richard. Can The Case Against Affirmative Action Stand Up
Against The Evidence? http://www.epn.org Last modified 15-Oct
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