Antibiotics Essay

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Antibiotics are chemical compounds used to kill or inhibit the growth of

infectious organisms. Originally the term antibiotic referred only to organic

compounds, produced by bacteria or molds, that are toxic to other

microorganisms. The term is now used loosely to include synthetic and

semisynthetic organic compounds. Antibiotic refers generally to antibacterials;

however, because the term is loosely defined, it is preferable to specify

compounds as being antimalarials, antivirals, or antiprotozoals. All antibiotics

share the property of selective toxicity: They are more toxic to an invading

organism than they are to an animal or human host. Penicillin is the most

well-known antibiotic and has been used to fight many infectious diseases,

including syphilis, gonorrhea, tetanus, and scarlet fever. Another antibiotic,

streptomycin, has been used to combat tuberculosis. Antibiotics can be

classified in several ways. The most common method classifies them according to

their action against the infecting organism. Some antibiotics attack the cell

wall; some disrupt the cell membrane; and the majority inhibit the synthesis of

nucleic acids and proteins, the polymers that make up the bacterial cell.

Another method classifies antibiotics according to which bacterial strains they

affect: staphylococcus, streptococcus, or Escherichia coli, for example.

Antibiotics are also classified on the basis of chemical structure, as

penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, or

sulfonamides, among others. Most antibiotics act by selectively interfering with

the synthesis of one of the large-molecule constituents of the cell—the cell

wall or proteins or nucleic acids. Some, however, act by disrupting the cell

membrane . Some important and clinically useful drugs interfere with the

synthesis of peptidoglycan, the most important component of the cell wall. These

drugs include the B-lactam antibiotics, which are classified according...

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