Insecticides Term paper

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An insecticide is used to kill insects. There are many kinds of insecticides,

but organic insecticides are the most commonly used (World Book, 1999). Organic

insecticides are split into three different categories: Chlorinated hydrocarbon

insecticides, organophosphate insecticides, and carbamate insecticides (World

Book, 1999). In this paper, I'll explore how toxic each of these insecticides

are, how they affect wildlife, humans, and the environment, and what we can do

to help. WHY USE INSECTICIDES? Some insects, like white flies and mosquitoes,

can carry deadly diseases that affect crops, animals and humans. Insects can

cause about 5.5 billion dollars in crop and live stock losses every year. Some

of the diseases they cause are Cattle Fever and Sheep Scab. The insecticides are

used to kill insects and protect livestock (World Book, 1999). Insecticides can

also be used on flea treatments for cats, dogs, and other animals (Ackerman,

1996). WHAT ARE ORGANIC INSECTICIDES? Organic Insecticides are the most commonly

and widely used insecticides. They are synthetic substances made from carbon,

hydrocarbon insecticies, organophosphate insecticides (World Book 1999).

Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, also know as "organic

chlorines", contain chlorine atoms (World Book 1999). Common members of

this group are Acaralate, Acarol, Aldrin, BHC, Chlordance, Chlorobenzilate, DDT,

dicofol, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, kepone, lindane, methoxychlor,

mirex, perthen, TDE, and toxaphene (Hamm 1982). They're persistant because after

being used once, they can still affect living things for several years. This is

because they don't break down chemically so they're found in soil, animal and

fish tissue, plants, and water (Hamm, 1982). These, and all persistant

insecticides, are trying to be replaced and restricted because they kill bird,

fish, and other animals (World Book, 1999). Organophospahte Insecticides contain

phosphorus atom (World Book, 1999). Common members of this group are Abate,

azinphosethyl, azinphosmethyl, Bidrin, bromophos, bromophosethyl,

carbophenothion, and chlorfenvinphos (Hamm, 1982). They are used on food because

they don't leave harmful deposits behind (World Book, 1999). This is because the

breakdown rapidly into harmless components. They also break down in the presence

of water. They have less environmental danger than chlorinateed hydrocarbons

which is why they've almost replaced them for side scale usage (Hamm 1982).

However, they are poisoness to people. One type of organophosphate, paratheion,

is used to kill mites and aphids on fruit trees and vegetables. Another kind,

malathion, are less dangerous to apply, so they're widely used by farmers (

World Book, 1999). Carbonates are the last kind of organic insecticide. They are

made from carbamic acid which is CO2NH3 (Hamm, 1982). They also contain one or

more amino groups that are of one nitrogen atom and two hydogen atoms. They

don't leave harmful deposits in food but some are harmful to warm blooded

animals (World Book, 1999). Common members of this group are aldicarb, BUX,

carbaryl, carbofuran, dimetilan, formetanate, methiocarb, methiocarb, methomyl,

propoxur, and zectran. These are relatively new and might eventually replace

organophosphates (Hamm, 1982). HOW TOXIC ARE THEY? Carbamates contain the

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1. Ackerman, Lowell: http://www.pet- zone.com/petzone/health/dog/10043.htm.
Pet Healthe Initiative, Inc. 1996 2. HAMM, James G.: The Handbook of Pest
Control. Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, 1982. 3. Hecht, David
&Georges Badiane. "Benign Urine" New Internationalist, Junew 1998,
12-16 4. Long, Cheryl. "Defeat Pests with Hot Pepper" Organic
Gardining, March 98:10 5. "DDT" The World Book Encyclopedia. 1999 6.
"Insecticides" The World Book Encyclopedia. 1999 7.
"Pesticides" Webster's New World Encyclopedia, 1992
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