Hearing And Deafness Term paper
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The ear is the organ of hearing and balance in vertebrates. The ear converts sound waves in the air, to nerve impulses which are sent to
the brain, where the brain interprets them as sounds instead of vibrations. The innermost part of the ear maintains equilibrium or
balance. The vestibular apparatus contains semicircular canals which in turn balance you. Any movement by the head, and this apparatus
sends a signal to the brain so that your reflex action is to move your foot to balance you.
The ear in humans consist three parts: The outer, the middle, and the inner portions. The outer ear, or pinna, is the structure that we
call the ear. It is the skin covered flap of elastic cartilage, that sticks out from the side of the head. It acts like a funnel catching sound
and sending it to the middle portion of the ear. The middle portion contains the ear drum and the connection between the pharynx and
the drum, the Eustachian tube. The inner ear contains the sensory receptors for hearing which are enclosed in a fluid filled chamber
called the cochlea. The outer and middle ears purposes are only to receive and amplify sound. Those parts ofd the ear are only present in
amphibians and mammals, but the inner ear is present in all vertebrates.
The ear can hear in several different ways. They are volume, pitch, and tone. Pitch is related to the frequency of the sound wave. The
volume depends on the amplitude or intensity of the sound wave. The greater the frequency, the higher the pitch. Humans can hear about
30 and 20,000 waves or cycles per second. High pitch sounds produce more of a trebly sound, while low pitch sounds produce a rumbling
bass sound.
When a person loses these abilities to comprehend sound, it is referred to as deafness. It can be caused by disease, toxic drugs,
trauma, or an inherited disorder. Those causes can be classified as conductive, sensorineural, or both.
A conductive hearing loss results from damage to those parts of the ear which transmit sound vibrations in the air to the fluids of the
inner ear. This type of damage is usually to the eardrum or small bones known as ossicles. Ossicles conduct sound from the eardrum to
the cochlea. They cannot perform such an action if the eardrum is perforated, if the middle ear cavity is filled with fluid, or if the bones
become separated, are destroyed by disease, or are overgrown by a spongy bone ( a disorder called otosclerosis). In conductive hearing
loss, sound intensity is reduced, but sound isn’t distorted.
Sensorineural hearing loss is more resistant to therapy because it involves damage to the delicate sensory cells of the organ of Corti,
which is located in the cochlea. Sensorineural hearing loss has to do with both distortion of sound and loss of sound intensity. The
closer the damaged tissue is to the auditory cortex, the more complex and subtle are the types of distortions. The hair cells of the organ
of Corti cannot grow once they are damaged. Sensorineural hearing loss is rarely reversible.
The hearing losses caused by salicylates such as asprin and the early stages of Meniere’s Disease are reversible, however. The latter
condition is characterized by an imbalance of fluid pressures within the inner ear. If this imbalance is correct soon enough, before hair
cell destruction has occurred, hearing will return to its normal level. Sensorineural hearing loss is often accompanied by ear noise, or Artificial heart devices essay Cloning essay Artificial Life or Death essay
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