The Building Of The Pyramids Term paper

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THE BUILDING OF THE PYRAMIDS

From the reign of Djoser until the beginning if the New Kingdom, almost

every pharaoh of substance and authority was buried under a pyramid. The pyramid, introduced by Djoser, reached its most definitive form with the Great Pyramid of Cheops, at Giza. At the end of this long tradition the splendid visions of the earlier dynasties had shrunk to monuments of poorly built steep-sided mud brick, that were no larger that about forty feet square, but a thousand years before, pyramids had been measured in hundreds of feet, their masonry in millions of tons, The largest of all, the Great Pyramid on the plateau of Giza, near modern Cairo, is still the biggest stone building ever build by man and one of the most accurately constructed. It was built less than one hundred years after Djoser’s craftsman had started their work on the Step Pyramid. Singularly, the kings of the Third Dynasty who followed Djoser to the throne have not left any finished monuments- though there might still be some to be found lying under the desert sands a Sakkara. It was at the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty, in the desert north of the older monuments, that pyramid building on a

quite unprecedented scale was started. These Fourth Dynasty monuments are the

finest of the pyramids,: seldom do they measure less than three hundred and fifty

feet along their sides, and most are double that. After this time there was an

immediate reduction in size and quality of construction that continued throughout

the rest of the Old Kingdom. During the Middle Kingdom however, the pyramids

once again reached the colossal measurements of their forerunners, but these

monuments were of carefully crafted mud-brick, cased with stone.

The Egyptians all believed that the body of the god-king had to be preserved

intact in order for him to reach immortality. The belief that fulfillment in the

afterlife depended on the preservation of the body was a belief which was shared by

all. Villagers buried the dead in the sand- which in a way helped preserve the

remains, they also buried them with food and drink, which was meant to feed the

deceased on the journey to the next world. But sustaining the body of the pharaoh

was a matter of special urgency. To shield their remains throughout eternity, the

pharaoh’s of the First Dynasty build sturdy tombs known as mastaba’s. They were

meant to last forever, they were made of sun-baked mud bricks, with a flat roof and

sloping sides. Over the years the mastabas grew larger and larger, reaching up to

seventy feet high and as many as seventy chambers.

With the reign of the Third Dynasty’s King Djoser, the royal burial place

underwent an enormous transformation. Djoser commissioned at Saqqara the

world’s first great stone structure- an eternal house that would reach for the

heavens. (I)

Lumber was scarce in Egypt, but stone was plentiful. The Aswan area,

yielded granite, basalt and quartz. The hills of Tura, on the east bank, across from

Saqqara, afforded a fine white limestone. Peasants were conscripted in droves to

work for the king, and soon they mastered the art of working the quarries and

transporting huge blocks over land on rollers or sleds, and along the Nile by barge.

In building his tomb, Djoser also had the aide of a man named Imhotep. Imhotep was

an incredibly ingenious man, the king’s vizier, and an accomplished sculptor.

The tomb Imhotep designed for Djoser took the mastaba form to new heights.

He assembled hundreds of thousands of limestone blocks, building six mastabas in

diminishing size, one over each other. The result was what is known as the Step

Pyramid. When complete it stood two hundred and four feet high.

The most spectacular feild of pyramids must surely be the plateau of Giza.

There during the greater part of the Fourth Dynasty multitudes of masons’ chipped

and chiseled away at the landscape to re-form it into the pyramids of three kings,

(Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure in order from largest to smallest) and into hundreds

of other...

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