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Macbeth, Fiend?
This dead like butcher and his fiend like queen" is this a fair description of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth? Malcolm made the remark "This dead like butcher and his fiend like queen," when he was crowned as the king of Scotland, after Macbeth's reign of terror. It becomes questionable upon the fairness

Alchemy
Alchemy Alchemy is an ancient art, practiced in the Middle ages,used to discover a substance that would transmute common or base metals into gold or silver ,and to find a way of prolonging human life.The main objective of alchemy was to discover a substance called the philosopher's stone.This ston

NAPOLEON

The book, Napoleon by Felix Markham, is a biography about Napoleon

Bonaparte, one of the greatest

historical figures and legends of all time. He was born on August 15, 1769 at Ajaccio in

Corsica, which

is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1779, when Napoleon was nine years old, he

began his schooling

in France. He went to a church school at Brienne-le-Chataeu because his father, Carlo,

wanted him to go

there. It had been noted that Napoleon had excelled at math during his time at school.

He remained

there for eight years and during those years his father died of stomach cancer.

Napoleon joined the French Army in 1785 and in 1791 was promoted to first lieutenant

and then to captain

in 1792. In December 1793, Napoleon was sent to Toulon, where rebels in France

were being aided by the

British naval fleet. Napoleon took the place of a wounded commander. The British

withdrew and France

took control of Toulon. Napoleon s victory was responsible for his being honored

brigadier general at

the age of 24. In 1797, Napoleon won the war for France with the Austrians. After

defeating them at the

French-Italian border, he marched over the Alps and threatened Vienna. Finally, in

October of 1797,

France and Austria signed the Treaty of Campoformio, which enlarged France s

territory. He was hailed a

hero in France. In 1798, Napoleon set sail for Egypt to stop British trade with the

Middle East. The

French fleet, however, was destroyed by Britain, leaving Napoleon s army stranded in

Egypt. In the mean

time, Turkey formed an alliance with Britain and Russia,!

then declared war on France. In 1799, Napoleon learned that a Turkish Army was

planning to invade

Egypt. Napoleon defeated the Turks and then returned to France. He was very well

respected when he

returned.

Napoleon created political alliances and seized control of the French government and he

made changes,

such as, a new constitution and a three member Consulate. Napoleon made himself first

consul and the

other two members were merely advisors. After ten years of revolution, the French

wanted one strong

leader so Napoleon ruled France as a dictator. In June 1800, Napoleon led the French

to defeat the

Austrians at the Battle of Marengo and in 1801, Austria signed the Treaty of Luneville,

which reaffirmed

the Treaty of Campoformio. After this, in 1802, Britain agreed to peace by signing the

Treaty of Amiens.

Russia had gotten out of the alliance against France in 1799 and for the first time in ten

years, because

of Napoleon, Europe was at peace. Napoleon was still not satisfied. In 1802, the

French people approved

a constitutional amendment that made Napoleon first consul for life. By 1803, Napoleon

had become

president of the Italian Republic, but he wanted to stop Britai!

n s trade with the rest of Europe. He had anticipated war with Britain, so he sold the

Louisiana

Territory to the United States and war with Britain began later that year.

Due to the French Senate s vote, on December 2, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself

emperor. He dominated

Europe with this glorious title. A new alliance had started against France in 1805 with

Austria, Russia,

and Sweden but later that year Napoleon demolished the Austrian and Russian armies at

Austerlitz in

Austria. In 1806, Prussia joined Russia in a new coalition, but again, Napoleon s forces

crushed the

Prussian army at Jena and Auerstedt and in June 1807, Napoleon overwhelmed Russian

armies at Friedland.

Also, in 1809, he defeated the Austrians again at Wagram. Napoleon was unstoppable.

After each win, the

Napoleonic Empire enlarged. In 1806, he made his brother, Joseph, king of Naples, his

brother, Louis,

king of Holland in 1807, his brother, Jerome, king of Westphalia, also in 1807. Finally in

1809, he gave

his sister, Elisa, the title of Grand Duchy of Tuscany. His empire was brought to its

height in 1810

when he added Holland and most of Northern Germany.

Between 1806 and 1807, Napoleon set up something known as the Continental

System. The purpose of this

was to prevent British trade with the rest of Europe, hoping to destroy its economy. This

system was

established by two decrees, The Berlin Decree and the Milan Decree. The Berlin Decree

forbade British

ships from ports under French control and all goods belonging to or coming from Britain

were seized.

These actions were more of a boycott than a blockade. The Milan Decree prevented

ships from neutral

nations to carry British goods to Europe. Portugal, ally of Britain, refused to follow the

Berlin

Decree, but in 1807, the French gained control of Portugal and took over certain parts

of Spain. French

forces took control over Madrid in 1808 and Napoleon removed King Ferdinand VII

from the throne and made

his...