Term paper on Machiavelli Aristotle August
Machiavelli Aristotle August Essays
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Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince examines the nature of power and his views of power in the leadership that he observed in his time. Machiavelli discusses power over the people, dictatorial power, and the power with the people. The struggle to retain, hold, and apply one power is human nature and this nature is agreeable with Aristotle's argument that "man is a political animal." In The Prince, Machiavelli discusses two distinct groups of people, the political elite, including nobles and the public. Machiavelli claims that ambition and dictatorial power drive most nobles and princes. Because shared power is only effective between the prince and his people and not between the prince and the nobles because the people depends on the prince and the prince needs his people but since nobles and the prince are driven by the same motivations shared power would be useless. "Whether men bear affection depends on themselves, but whether they are afraid will depend on what the ruler does" (p.60-61).
While Machiavelli emphasizes power over in relations between the political elite, he discusses a different kind of power in the relationship between a prince and the public. Machiavelli notes that a prnice can share power with the people, since a prince can trust the people much more than he can trust the nobles. Nobles" can not be satisfied if a ruler acts honorable but the people can be thus satisfies, because their aims are more honorable than those of the nobles are for the latter only want to oppress and the former only wants to avoid being oppressed" (p. 35). The people are not unforgiving and greedy so the prince can place more trust in the people. Since the prince can trust the people the people will feel empowered and the people will in turn protect the prince rather than revolt against him, "when you arm them, these weapons become your own" (p 72). In this way the prince power is greater. The prince's pursuits for power the nature of things. Everything natural has the tendency to require more power. This is the natural order of animals, plants and everything else in nature. The nobles are the one closest to the prince, they may have help the prince rise to his power however, the prince can not trust the nobles for they to have the same desires as he does however, unlike the people the nobles are in position to replace the prince and it is just natural tendencies that drives the nobles to do so.
Aristotle also believed in natural progression. He believed that we are social beings and that we are able to rationalize our behavior through our speech. Humans need the interactions between each other to maintain a state. "In the first place there must be a union of those who cannot exist without each other, namely of male and female, that the race may continue (and this is a union which is formed, not of choice, but because, in common with other animals and with plants, mankind have a natural desire to leave behind them an image of themselves.)" (Politics bkIch2ln 26-31 p385). The state is a development from the family through the community, which is an extent of the family. This is form naturally because of human nature and our natural tendency to want security. "For everyone always acts in order to obtain that which they think good. But, if all communities aim at some good, the state or political community, which is the highest of all, and which embraces all the rest, aims at good in a greater degree than any other, and at the highest good" (Politics bkIch1ln 5-10 p.385). The state is a social contract that the people enter into. It provide security and the people provide the state its foundation.
The creation of the family must occur before the creation of the state, this is apart of the natural order. The family involves a series of relations between husband and wife, parent and child master and slave. Aristotle regards the slaves as a piece of live property having existence for only the purpose of the relation between him and his master. "As, however those who are equal in one thing ought not to have an equal share in all, nor those who are unequal which rest on either of these principles are perversions." This is based on Aristotle belief of the class system. He continues, "all men have a claim in a certain sense, as I have already admitted, but not all have an absolute claim because they have a greater share in the land and the land is the common element of the state" (Politics bkIIIln26-34 p419). In the following lines Aristotle reveals people that from the higher class have easier lives and have more power and respect, "Those who are sprung from better ancestors are likely to be better men, for good birth is excellence of race"
"Natural ruler and subject, that bother may be preserved. For that which can foresee by the exercise of mind is by nature lord and master, and that which can with its body give effect to such foresight is a subject, and by nature a slave; hence the master and slave have the same interest" (Politics bkIch2ln32 p.385). Therefore the families of the city are not of the same status and within the family there are ranks as well.
Once we have a family, the tendencies of human nature will cause us to set up a household. There are three parts in household management. According to Aristotle, "one is the rule of a master over slaves another of a father, and the third of a husband" (Politics bkIch12ln1-3 p.396). However, the man rules differently over his slaves, wife and children. The male have been considered to be the stronger of the two genders and his is more capable of ruling, the older the male implies the more wiser he is and in turn the more respect he receives. In the household, one show is accomplishments through the accumulation of wealth. Financial exchange first involved bartering. However with the difficulties of transmission between countries widely separated from each other, money as currency arose. This here is another sign of the natural tendencies for man.
Aristotle also talks a great deal about equality. "What is right must be constructed as equally right and what is equally right is to be considered with reference...
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