Chumash Indians Essay

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CHUMASH INDIANS

The Chumash Indians were natives to the coastlands in California, from Malibu to Paso Robles, as well as on all three of the Northern Channel Islands. There were 150 independent villages with a total population of 18,000 people. People in the other regions spoke a little differently although the languages were similar. The villages were made of ceremonial grounds, semi subterranean sweathouses, cleared playing fields, storage huts, and round thatched dwelling houses up to fifty feet in diameter and able to hold as many as seventy people. Their homeland was first settled about 13,000 years ago and with time, the population got bigger so some of them started migrating to other coastlands of California. With all these other villages they had access to different resources, which they would trade with one another in different villages. Some of the major groups were the Obispe o, Purisme o, Yneze , Barbare o and Venture o (named after the Franciscan missions San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, La Pur sma Concepci n, and Santa Ynez. With all this trading going on among the Chumash villages, it would have taken many days to travel by foot. Living on the coastlands they invented a seagoing plank canoe or in their language a tomol . They invented the canoe about 2,000 years ago. The plank canoe was anywhere from eight feet to thirty feet and was made from driftwood or redwood. The sides of the plank canoe were about three to four planks high, and was glued in place with yop , a melted mixture of pine pitch and hardened asphalt. After the glue was dried they drilled holes into the seams of each side and then tying the boards together with plant fiber string made from Indian hemp, then the holes were filled up again with yop . When the canoe was all put together they would sand it down using sandstone and then finished with sharkskin; then the canoe was painted and decorated. The plank canoes could hold a crew of three and probably were big enough for ten people. Seawater would sometimes seep into the plank canoes, so one of the crewmembers would serve as the bailer. A young boy would usually serve as the bailer as the men paddled the plank canoes. It s not really known how long these canoes would last, it probably depended on how much wear and tear they experienced on the sea. The Chumash kept good care of the canoes, they would store them in moist shaded areas until they were ready to be used. They would check the canoes regularly and make repairs if necessary. They took good care of them as much as possible. The last Chumash canoes were made in about 1850. In 1913 an elderly Chumash man built a canoe for an anthropologist named John P. Harrington to show how they were built. In the past twenty years several of these canoes were built using John s notes to guide them. The Chumash Indians were also excellent basket weavers. The women had this role in the tribe. The baskets were made from whole juncos rush stems or split tule (bulrush). The Chumash used both twined and coiled weaving techniques. Out of this they made coiled baskets, trays, bowls of all sizes, hats, leaching basins, sieves, fish traps, cradles and water bottles. The foundation was a spiraling of three slender rods of juncos rush, wrapped and sewn together with split strands of the same material. The baskets were naturally straw tan in color with the designs in black. The juncos stalks were dyed black by burying them in dark mud, or by soaking them in water with acorns and a piece of iron. The natural reddish-orange base of the stalks was used separately to fill in designs, or even as the entire background color. The unique thing about the Chumash baskets was that they are able to hold water. By weaving their baskets tightly together, they were capable of holding water. Some of them were even used to boil water; water or soup stirred in a basket along with heated rocks would soon boil. Twined basketry bottles were less tightly woven but were coated on the inside with asphaltum to make them watertight. The Chumash, though, are most famous for these baskets. They even exported them to other tribes, even in pre-European times. The Chumash also had a form of money. Their money was the clamshell disk bead, and they were the bankers dealing in this currency, probably furnishing the bulk of the supply for the Southern half of California. The bead money was usually made from small disks, which were shaped from the olivella shell (also called the Purple Olive, a marine snail). The Indians who lived on the Channel Islands specialized in making the bead money, or in their language anchum . The name Chumash comes from the name the mainland Indians gave to the islanders. Chumash and anchum are related words, so Chumash originally means something like...

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