Essay on Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action Term Papers
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Affirmative Action as defined by the Meriam Webster's Dictionary is an active
effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority
groups or women. In 1961 John F.Kennedy issued an executive order calling for
Affirmative Action as a means to promote equal opportunity for racial minorities, in
hiring by federal contractors. This was the first official use of the term by the Federal
Government. Eight years later Nixon as President beefed up the Office of Federal
Compliance Programs, which along with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission has become one of the governments two main enforcers of affirmative
action policy.
Such efforts have vastly expanded opportunities for American students of African
decent. However they have also touched off complaints from many whites that
American students of African decent are benefiting from reverse discrimination. Under
the equal opportunity act of 1972 most federal contractors, subcontractors, all state
and government institutions (including universities) must initiate plans to increase the
proportions of their female and minority employees until they are equal to the
proportions existing in the available labor market.Affirmative action plans that
establish racial quotas were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the
case of Regents of University of California v. Bakke in 1978. This case arose when
the medical school of the University of California at Davis twice rejected Allen Bakke's
application while admitting members of racial minorities who had lower test scores.
Bakke charged that the medical school's policy of setting aside 16 of the 100
positions for racial minorities was a violation of the equal protection clause of the 14th
amendment. In a complex 5-4 decision the Supreme Court ordered
that Bakke be admitted. The court ruled that even though universities may consider
race and ethnic origins as a factor in evaluating candidates for admission, they may
not establish fixed racial quotas. In 1984 the Supreme Court struck down a Richmond
ordinance intended to quarntee Americans of African decent other minorities a greater
share of the city's construction contracts. The decision not only threatened similar
programs in 36 states, but also opened the 1door to legal attacks against other
racially based government schemes. A key component of the
court ruling was the requirement that all government distinctions based on race be
subject to "strict scrutiny." This means that public sector affirmative action programs
are valid only if they serve the compelling...
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