War Of 1812 Essay
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The War of 1812
The War of 1812 began in 1812 and lasted until early 1815. President James Madison requested a declaration of war to protect American ships on the high seas and to stop the British from impressing or seizing U.S. sailors. U.S. ships were being stopped and searched by both Great Britain and France, who were fighting each other in Europe. President Madison also wanted to prevent Britain from forming alliances with Native Americans on the American frontier. His decision was influenced by Americans in the West and South, who hoped to expand the United States by seizing control of both Canada and Florida. For the Americans, the greatest problem was Britain s capturing of American seamen for service in the British navy. Public outrage over the issue of these illegal seizures of seamen grew increasingly vocal after an incident called the Chesapeake incident. In June 1807 the Leopard approached the Chesapeake only a few miles off the American coast and demanded to search the ship for British deserters. The Chesapeake s commander, James Barron, refused, and the Leopard opened fire. A number of American sailors were killed or wounded during the attack, and the Chesapeake surrendered. The United States also suffered serious financial losses during these years of European warfare. The United States had to continue commercial relations with both France and Britain in order to remain prosperous, yet an American ship trading with either one of the two nations could be seized by the other. To hurt England s economy, Napoleon had initiated a blockade in which the French captured ships carrying cargo if they had first stopped in Britain. The British government retaliated by issuing orders to blockade the coastlines of Napoleon s empire and seize ships that did not first call at a British port. Together, these nations seized nearly 1500 American ships between 1803 and 1812 and because the British dominated the seas, they stopped more ships than the French.
President Thomas Jefferson initially tried to win respect for American neutrality by passing the Embargo Act. This failed to stop either the French or British, but it did seriously harm the American economy. As a result, Congress replaced it in 1809 with the Non-Intercourse Act, which stopped trade only with France and Britain. However, this measure was also replaced in 1810 by Macon's Bill No. 2, which reopened American commerce with all nations. The War Hawks, a pro-war group consisting of western and southern representatives in Congress, really pushed hard for a war. They wanted to seize Canada and end the Native rebellion. They also believed that the British...
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