IsomersIsomers – molecules with the same molecular formula but different structuresStructural Isomers – have different physical and chemical propertiesInter molecular forces decrease with increasing chain length. More side chains makes ...
3.2 Lots of carbon compounds seem to be isomers. What is an isomer? In organic chemistry, there are many examples of different compounds which have the same molecular formula as each other, but different arrangements of the atoms in their molecules, (different structural formulae). These compounds are said to be isomers of one another. Isomerism also occurs in inorganic chemistry, but it is less common. There are two types of isomerism common in organic chemistry: structural isomerism and stereo isomerism.
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Structural isomers of a compound have the atoms of their molecules linked in a different order. This can come about in one of three ways: + different carbon skeletons in the molecule (chain isomerism), + functional group linked to different carbon atoms (positional isomerism), + different functional groups (functional group isomerism). Examples are shown below: Stereo isomers of a compound have the same structural formula as one another, but the atoms of their molecules are orientated
differently in space. Two common forms of stereo isomerism are: + geometric isomerism (also called cis /trans isomerism), which occurs due to lack of free rotation about double bonds, + optical isomerism, which occurs because of an asymmetry of a carbon atom with four different groups attached to it. Alkane Isomers Department of Chemistry: CAL Suitable for use by students in CM1003, CM1004 and CM1504. Alkane Isomers is a student tutorial for one of the first problems
encountered in Organic Chemistry, isomerism and nomenclature of saturated hydrocarbons ;i.e., finding the longest chain, determining whether two differently written structures are the same compound and finding the total number of isomers for a given formula. In addition to providing text-based tutorials on naming alkanes and determining the number of isomers of an alkane of a specified number of carbons, Alkane Isomers provides three interactive practice modules. In two of these modules, the computer generates random exercises that the
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student can provide the answers or let the computer provide them. When an incorrect answer is given, intelligent analysis of the answer is done and appropriate feedback given to the student. The program is completely menu-driven and is easy to use. On-line help is provided and easily accessible to aid the student in using the program. Alkane Isomers should begin with a title screen. Press any key to get the seven-item menu and a boxed legend of instructions
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at the bottom of the screen. Navigation For all menus and submenus, the selected option is denoted by the highlighted colour of the option. You can change the selection using the corresponding function key or the arrow keys. Pressing Enter activates the selection. Esc returns control to the immediately previous menu of submenu or, in the case of the main menu, ends the program. If on-line help is available, this is indicated in the prompt area at the bottom
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of the screen and is obtained by holding down Shift and pressing F1 . The Main Menu The main menu provides options to display the isomers of the alkanes methane to decane, view explanations of the elementary and intermediate naming rules for alkanes, practice finding the longest chain and naming alkanes, view rules for determining the number of isomers of an alkane, practice spotting identical isomers, and turn the sound off and on. Items from the main menu are
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selected as explained in the Navigation section above. Help Alkane Isomers provides a help option at every menu and submenu. To view the help information, hold down the Shift key while pressing F1. The help information consists of a sequence of screen pages. You may terminate help and return to the menu at any point by pressing Esc, Page Up (previous page) and Page Down (next page) page through the help screens. Use Enter to view the next page
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of the help information. The Tutorials Alkane Isomers provides tutorials on the rules used to name alkanes (at the elementary and intermediate levels) and on how to determine the number of isomers of an alkane of a specified number of carbons. To view one of these tutorials choose the corresponding item (2, 3 or 5) from the main menu. The tutorials consist of a sequence of screen pages. You may terminate a tutorial and return to the main
H - Further Organic ChemistryH.1 Stereoisomerism H.1.1 : Geometric isomers occur because the C=C bond is not able to rotate. Thus, cis and trans isomers are possible when there are different compounds ...
menu at any point by pressing Esc. Page Up(previous page) and Page Down (next page) page through the screens. Use Enter to view the next page in the tutorial. Sound If you are working in an area with others nearby, you may wish to turn the sound off to avoid disturbing them. If you are working alone and enjoy the audio feedback provided by the program, you will want to turn on the sound. Choose item 7 from the
11 - Organic Chemistry11.1 Homologous series 11.1.1 : A homologous series is a set of compounds whose components differ by a single repeating functional group...in the case of (straight chain) alkanes, CH2...and their ...
main menu to turn the sound on, if it is currently off, or off, if it is currently on. Display of Isomers To see the isomers of an alkane from methane to decane, choose Display of Isomers from the main menu. A submenu is presented that offers the choices of methane to decane. Choosing an item from this submenu displays the isomers for that item. For example, choose heptane and the isomers of heptane are displayed (see Figure 1).
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Of course, for CH4 to C3H8 there is only one isomer. For C4H10 to C7H16 the number of isomers is small enough that all can be displayed on one screen. You are encouraged to guess the total number of isomers before they are displayed. With eight carbons or more, there are too many isomers to display all at once and they are instead shown by category. For example, for C8H18, methylheptane, then dimethylhexanes, ethylhexanes, etc. are displayed on consecutive screens.
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You are challenged to guess the number in each category, but not the overall total. Finding the Longest Chain To practice finding the longest chain and naming alkanes select Finding the longest chain from the main menu. Alkane Isomers generates a random carbon skeleton, displays it, and challenges you to number the longest chain correctly and then to name the alkane (see Figure 2). There is an initial submenu offering three levels of difficulty: Novice, Intermediate, and Expert. The
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Novice skeletons have a longest chain no greater that eight and no branched substituents, those of the Intermediate category may be up to undecanes and have isopropyl substituents. The only limitation on Expert is that branched substituents may have no more than four carbons. The program will both number and name the alkanes if you decline to do so. If you number or name the alkane incorrectly, the program attempts to analyse your error and provide constructive error messages
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as well as the correct answers. Spot the Duplicates To gain practice in identifying identical structures, choose Spot the duplicates from the main menu. Six randomly generated structures are displayed, each next to a small box, as shown in Figure 3. You are asked to identify those structures which are actually the same compound and colour their boxes with the same colour.
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