Term paper on Nukes
Nukes Essays
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We assume that eight U.S. urban areas are hit: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, New York, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Seattle, four with four warheads and four with eight warheads. We also assume that the targets have been selected according to standard military priorities: industrial, financial, and transportation sites and other components of the infrastructure that are essential for supporting or recovering from war. Since low-altitude bursts are required to ensure the destruction of structures such as docks, concrete runways, steel-reinforced buildings, and underground facilities, most if not all detonations will cause substantial early fallout.
Physical Effects
Under our model, the numbers of immediate deaths are determined primarily by the area of the "superfires" that would result from a thermonuclear explosion over a city. Fires would ignite across the exposed area to roughly 10 or more calories of radiant heat per square centimeter, coalescing into a giant firestorm with hurricane-force winds and average air temperatures above the boiling point of water. Within this area, the combined effects of superheated wind, toxic smoke, and combustion gases would result in a death rate approaching 100 percent.
Predicted Immediate Deaths from Firestorm after Nuclear Detonations in eight U.S. Cities.
City No. of Warheads No. of Deaths
Atlanta 8 428,000
Boston 4 609,000
Chicago 4 425,000
New York 8 3,193,000
Pittsburgh 4 375,000
San Francisco, Bay Area 8 739,000
Seattle 4 341,000
Washington, D.C. 8 728,000
Total 48 6,838,000
For each 100-kt warhead, the radius of the circle of nearly 100 percent short-term lethality would be 4.3 km (2.7 miles), the range within which 10 cal per square centimeter is delivered to the earth s surface from the hot fireball under weather conditions in which the visibility is 8 km (5 miles), which is low for almost all weather conditions. We used Census CD to calculate the residential population within these areas according to 1990 U.S. Census data, adjusting for areas where circles from different warhead overlapped. In many urban areas, the daytime population, and therefore the casualties, would be much higher.
Fallout
The cloud of radioactive dust produced by low-altitude bursts would be deposited as fallout down-wind of the target area. The exact areas of fallout would not be predictable, because they would depend on wind direction and speed, but there would be large zones of potentially lethal radiation exposure. With average wind speeds of 24 to...
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