Effects Of Rap Music Essay

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Roughly fifteen years ago, the initial rumblings of rap music were eminating from the streets of New York City. Rap music is very much a product of its urbanized, literacy-based environment, as can be seen in the advanced technology necessary to produce the music. Although the connection between rap music and its modern roots is impossible to ignore, rap's dependence upon high technology is often over-emphasized, eclipsing any opportunity to connect rap culture to a time before the world of turntables and written lyrics. Hip-hop music maintains distinct oral influences, carrying traces of an oral tradition preceding the advanced, literacy-based era from which the music emerged. The world of literate technology that gave birth to rap music represents a threat to the maintenance of these traces, making them increasingly difficult to discern.

The use of rhythm and repetition are highly characteristic of the semiotic, sound-based exchanges within a purely oral culture. Tricia Rose writes of the importance of rhythm in modern black tradition:

Rap's primary force is sonic, and the distinctive,

systematic use of rhythm and sound, especially the

use of repetition and musical breaks, are part of a

rich history of New World black traditions and

practices. (Rose 64)

Rap's distinct sound has been repeatedly likened to tribal African music, linking rap's use of heavy percussion, bass, repeated loops, and short, staccato vocals to the instruments and chanting used in the pre-literate tribes. But this common comparison almost always refers strictly to musical composition, not the presence of orality. Rap artists, when producing lyrics to be recorded and mass-produced, almost always work from a prepared text. This reliance on text has often been grounds for the quick dismissal of possible connections between modern rap and ancient orality. However, by examining studies of purely oral tradition, interesting similarities between the two ages come to the surface, illuminating elements of pre-literate tradition in the modern genre of hip-hop.

Tricia Rose, author of Black Noise, discusses the various constituents that go into the creation of the rap sound in her work. She examines the cultural implications and potential of rap music within American society, illustrating the ways in which the art form represents its creators as a voice for their marginalized position within society. Rose discusses rap's legitimacy as a musical form, the significance of rap's starting in urban centers, and the ways in which the music utilizes technology and industry. By addressing the larger scope of issues associated with rap music, Rose tends to sidestep a deeper analysis into rap's cultural influences, taking the art form at face value in order to apply her analysis of the various causal relationships between rap and its environment.

Rose uses lingustic theorist Walter Ong's term "postliterate" to describe the arena in which rap music was created. "Postliterate orality describes the way oral traditions are revised and presented in a technologically sophisticated context." (Rose 86) Rose places considerable emphasis on rap music as an emblem of the age of mechanical reproduction. She goes into great detail regarding the commodification of rap, the advent of sampling technology, and the consciousness of authorship in modern rap acts. Rose views any intimation of rap's having roots in African American oral tradition as an undermining of rap music as a form of cultural expression. To link modern rap back to traditions such as jump- rope songs or the dozens is to take the art form out of its cultural context; her analysis cements rap music into its cultural milieu, excluding any exploration into historical, transcultural connections between rap and past oral traditions .

If we avoid looking at rap culture as a means to an end, or as an outgrowth of cultural and political circumstance, we can focus on the music itself, and make such connective jumps more easily. Hip-hop's link to technology is overly apparent, but its essentialized link to literate communication and thought may not be as significant as some would believe: "Rap lyrics are oral performances that display written (literate) forms of thought and communication." (Rose 88) Rose's assertion is true, for the most part; but to what extent rap music depends upon literacy for the creation of its sound and culture is debatable. The fact that rap artists write lyrics and subsequently orally perform the texts is not sufficient grounds to sever the link between rap and non-textual orality completely. Rose deems rap "a far cry" (Rose 88) from oral epic poetry; by breaking down dismissive assertions such as this one, we can expose an element of hip-hop culture that possibly transcends literate technology and the age of mechanical reproduction.

In her book, Rose overlooks the "cipher" culture within the larger rap m usic community. The term cipher essentially means a group of people freestyling rap lyrics one after another, in a kind of competition--freestyling rap lyrics involves stringing verses together improvisationally. The rappers try to maintain the lyrical flow by rhyming the consecutive verses as best they can, striving for the tightest "off the top of the head" rhyme. Freestyle sessions on urban street corners were essential to the beginnings of rap music, and the freestyle element plays a major role in today's hip-hop culture, as verified by Virginia rapper Mad Skillz' 1996 lyrics:

Fuck the bullshit--in the cipher shit is true

The rhymes get spit and the 40's get tapped

Some niggas don't have jack--some niggas

Got contracts

Representation keepin brothas tighter

Peace to MC's who did time in the cipher

Rap music freestyle provides an interesting point of reference to orality, in that its production involves techniques similar to those used by epic poets from pre-textual oral cultures.

In Walter J. Ong's book Orality and Literacy, Ong details a study done b y linguistic scholar Milman Parry, and later extended by Lord, of the memorization and recitation of Homeric epics before the poems were committed to text. The question these studies attempted to answer was 'how could these long epics be memorzied without a text?'. Ong explains one of the answers found in the study: "With [the epic poet's] hexameterized vocabulary, he could fabricate correct met rical lines without end, so long as he was dealing with traditional materials." (Ong 58) Epic oral poets had massive stores of ready-made, metered lines, and e qually massive banks of cliches and adjectives used to extoll the virtues of the ir epic heroes. Since rap freestyles are improvisations, memorization and meter -fitting have little or no impact on the composition of the lyrics. What concer ns freestyle artists most is rhyming the last syllables of the verses. To maintain lyrica l rhythm and rhymed verse, rap artists have an infinite store of urban slang and cliches that can be used to fit their rhyme schemes. Use of this array of voca bulary applies to freestyle and written verse. while tryi ng not to break from their largely self-established rhythms Resembling the methods of oral p oets, rap music culture has established a vocabulary of slang and cultural refer ence that is specific to the rap community, and is utilized freely by those with in it for artistic expression, as well as everyday communication. Rapper Punisher, in a freestyle done at a fast pace, exhibits the use of this type of extended communal language:

I'll make it last with the dough I got

If not I'll blow your spot

If not--Joey Crack please load the glock

Let these niggas learn the hard way

The word to God way

The motherfuckin murder mob way

In addition to this extensive, community-specific vocabulary, rap acts such as Biz Markie and Das EFX bend words and shatter established syllabics in order to f it their lyrical objectives. By using the extended language provided by rap culture, striving to fit lyrical or rhyming needs becomes a less formidable roadblo ck in the composition of written or freestyle rap lyrics.

Boasting or "flyting" by epic heroes is characteristic of oral epic poet ry from many oral cultures. This reciprocated verbal bragging is usually manifested in a competition between the hero and his adversary, battling to see who ca n boast the most effectively. These poetic exchanges serve the purpose of enfor cing the hero's olympian stature, and of illustrating his skill in confrontation through the verbal battles. Walter Ong likens flyting to the Caribbean/African American verbal game called the "dozens"--an exchange in which two men ping-pon g insults of each other's mother back and forth.

The thematic evolution of rap lyrics has led to rap artists often boasting of their own prowess in their rhymes. Kool G Rap paints a glamorous self-por trait in his first solo album:

And once again it's big G

Runnin the number rackets

Wearin Pelle jackets

Fast loot tactics

I'm well up in the millionaire bracket . . .

Jacuzis and saunas

And eatin steak at Benihana's

Bentley's limousine

A front yard stream

That's full of pirahnas

Rappers extoll their capabilites while laying their competitors to rest--boasting about anything and everything, including lyrical skills, material wealth, what weapons they claim to carry, their sexual activity, their ability to sell drugs or commit crime without going to prison, and the list goes on. With rap themes so often alluding to survival and individual prominence in urban life, rappers have, in a sense, become their own epic heroes. This theme applies so widely...

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