Use Of Black Holes In Space Transit System Essay
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I. Introduction
1. Theory of Black Holes
Black holes are one of the least understood phenomenons in the galaxy yet the secrets contained within the black hole could revolutionize the field of physics. Black holes are formed when an enormously massive star, most likely a neutron star, collapses in on itself. This happens because when the star dies all the energy generated from the sun s fusion reaction that was formerly pushing outward suddenly stops. When the outward force stops, the sun has so much mass that its own gravity collapses the star into a black hole.
This only happens naturally with extremely massive stars because it needs enough force pulling inwards from the gravity to break the strong and weak forces in an atom. The mass can then compress to less than a millionth of its previous size because most of the space in an atom or molecule is empty. When this happens a singularity is formed, this is the incredible massive center of a black hole.
2. Schwarzschild Radius
When a star collapses its mass determines what radius the black hole will have. This radius called the Schwarzschild radius and is given by:
r=2GM/c2 (O Neill, 138)
Where r is the Schwarzschild radius, G is the gravity on the surface of the star, M is the mass of the star, and c is the speed of light. As particles approach this radius they are accelerated toward the speed of light. Because of this phenomenon, even light that gets caught in the gravitational spiral of a black hole cannot escape.
3. Time Dilation
This leads us into the idea of time dilation, the phenomenon that time appears to slow down as one approaches the speed of light in the outer spiral of a black hole. Relativity gives that as any object gets closer to the speed of light, time in their field of reference is the same but to anyone moving slower than them, their time appears to grow infinitely slow. That is, if a person where to go toward a black hole, when they entered the spiral particle cloud surrounding a black hole it would appear to a person on earth as if they were stopped. In fact, a person on earth would never see that person reach to center of a black hole because the light that would be required to see him would itself never be able to escape the black hole. If the light were never able to leave the black hole you could never see him enter the black hole.
This phenomenon would not last forever though, because black holes evaporate because of mass lost through a process to be discussed in part 4. Therefore the person standing on earth would see the person flying into the black hole actually enter the black hole a faction of a second before the black hole finally evaporated. At which point it is unknown what might happen, when the final remaining energy would explode or if all the energy would be expended and the black hole would vanish.
4. Kerr Black Hole
It is important now to distinguish between two types of Black Holes, non-rotating black holes and rotating Kerr Black Holes. Kerr Black Holes are the only type to be considered in this paper as they offer different properties and opportunities for energy collection than the basic non-rotating Black Hole. A Kerr Black Hole has a Schwarzschild radius encompassed by a rotating spiral of matter and energy destined to enter the black hole. Black Holes can rotate at varying velocities and as the rotational velocity increases the spiral becomes more violent and the Schwarzschild radius disappears into a type of funnel, which leads to the singularity. This is a very complex idea in that this funnel does not occupy any area in normal space, it is in fact a point where space bends around the black hole, creating a pocket in space accessible only through the black hole.
It is my theory that a black hole with this property could become linked with its opposite, a white hole and this would create a wormhole. Therefore as energy or matter is drawn into the black hole by the singularity, it would travel through this funnel and before reaching the crushing gravity of the inner singularity it would be pushed out the exit point of a white hole. A black hole and white hole are perfect opposites as described by the equations for relativity. A black hole can only pull matter or energy in, and a white hole can only expel matter or energy. The effect of a funnel traveling through curved space before reaching the event horizon gives the possibility that this funnel could reach to any point in space because this funnel s length is not relative to the distance it covers in normal space. Therefore, because of the potential energy resources of a black hole and the potential for shortcuts through space I believe that black holes could be used as a self-sustaining transit system trough space.
II. Possible Energy Sources in Black Holes
1. Three most probable energy sources
There have been many different approaches taken by science fiction to theorize on the possibility of obtaining energy from a black hole. The three that have the most conventional possibility of success are the extraction of energy from rotation, particle emission, and mass.
2. Rotational Energy
When a star collapses into a black hole it retains 99% of the original energy it had at the time of its creation. This also includes the rotational energy build up over time. When a star is born, it doesn t magically start spinning in place, the normal rotation of a star is slowly increased by gravity fields pulling it in different directions. Even forces that perceivably have no effect like that of a comet all have a cumulative effect in rotating the star. Over billions of years of small tugs in one direction or another the star builds up a rotational velocity, which can be tapped because its magnetic field rotates as it does.
Therefore because a black hole would retain this rotational energy at the time of implosion it is possible to use this energy. Because of the much reduced size and infinitely increased gravitational force it would be possible to construct around a black hole a type of generator. The generator would be comprised of two rings. The outer ring would be positioned outside the intense gravity well while the second ring would be positioned just outside of the event horizon.
The inner ring would be attached to the outer ring with a series of cross braces that would have to be melted into the structure of the inner ring. This is because just outside the event horizon the gravitational pull is so strong that a standard weld may not be sufficient attachment. When the immense rotating gravity well catches hold of the ring the struts that attach it may be torn lose because of the acceleration it would undergo. This is because of the amount of angular momentum stored in a black hole which is found by the equation.
(O Neill, 194)
The physical value of J for a star like the sun is: J=1.63 x 1048 gcm2/s corresponding to a=0.185 M. The intense gravity field around a black hole warps space and in fact the inner ring will feel no frictional force once it has reached the same angular velocity of the black hole because the space in which it resides is also being warped and rotated around the black hole.
3. Other Possibilities
Another possibility in the extraction of rotational energy is to create another black hole, although I do not pertain to understand how to accomplish this. This second black hole need not be very large because all its mass will be supplied by the larger black hole once it is created. The idea is to place this second black hole adjacent to the event horizon of the first so that the two horizons merge, at this point the turbulence created would follow the rules of fluid dynamics, in that case a generator could be placed at the mouth of this turbulence and the resultant eddies would provide the energy. Since the particles at the event horizon are accelerated near the speed of light, the resultant energy that could be produced would be enormous.
4. Mass Energy
The energy stored in the mass of a black hole is the greatest storehouse of energy in the universe. During the time of a stars billion-year life it loses 1% of its energy and when the star becomes a black hole all the energy is retained. The problem is that all this energy is held between the atoms in the attractive and repulsive forces. When a star collapses in on itself it is because the gravity overpowers those forces, but because certain transformations are possible in black holes it may become practical to use this energy.
First, it may be possible due to certain implications of fluid mechanics and the structure of a black hole to use a second black hole to pull mass away from a larger primary black hole. This is possible because an infinitely small black hole has the same pull on any object as does a black hole the size of the galaxy. The only difference is the distance this pull can...
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