Glucose Term paper
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Extracting energy from glucose
Two different pathways are involved in the metabolism of glucose: one anaerobic
and one aerobic. The anaerobic process occurs in the cytoplasm and is only
moderately efficient. The aerobic cycle takes place in the mitochondria and is
results in the greatest release of energy. As the name implies, though, it
requires oxygen.
Anaerobic metabolism
Glucose in the bloodstream diffuses into the cytoplasm and is locked there by
phosphorylation. A glucose molecule is then rearranged slightly to fructose and
phosphorylated again to fructose diphosphate. These steps actually require
energy, in the form of two ATPs per glucose. The fructose is then cleaved to
yield two glyceraldehyde phosphates (GPs). In the next steps, energy is finally
released, in the form of two ATPs and two NADHs, as the GPs are oxidized to
phosphoglycerates. One of the key enzymes in this process is glyceraldehyde
phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), which transfers a hydrogen atom from the GP to
NAD to yield the energetic NADH. Due to its key position in the glycolytic
pathway, biochemical assays of GPDH are often used to estimate the glycolytic
capacity of a muscle cell. Finally, two more ATPs are produced as the
phosphoglycerates are oxidized to pyruvate.
Aerobic metabolism
Pyruvate is the starting molecule for oxidative phosphorylation via the Krebb's Going Vegetarian essay Global Warming 2 essay Global Warming essay
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