Nazism Essay

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The National Socialist German Workers’ Party almost died one morning in

1919. It numbered only a few dozen grumblers’ it had no organization

and no political ideas.

But many among the middle class admired the Nazis’ muscular opposition

to the Social Democrats. And the Nazis themes of patriotism and

militarism drew highly emotional responses from people who could not

forget Germany’s prewar imperial grandeur.

In the national elections of September 1930, the Nazis garnered nearly

6.5 million votes and became second only to the Social Democrats as the

most popular party in Germany. In Northeim, where in 1928 Nazi

candidates had received 123 votes, they now polled 1,742, a respectable

28 percent of the total. The nationwide success drew even faster... in

just three years, party membership would rise from about 100,000 to

almost a million, and the number of local branches would increase

tenfold. The new members included working-class people, farmers, and

middle-class professionals. They were both better educated and younger

then the Old Fighters, who had been the backbone of the party during its

first decade. The Nazis now presented themselves as the party of the

young, the strong, and the pure, in opposition to an establishment

populated by the elderly, the weak, and the dissolute.

Hitler was born in a small town in Austria in 1889. As a young boy, he

showed little ambition. After dropping out of high school, he moved to

Vienna to study art, but he was denied the chance to join Vienna

academy of fine arts.

When WWI broke out, Hitler joined Kaiser Wilhelmer’s army as a

Corporal. He was not a person of great importance. He was a creature

of a Germany created by WWI, and his behavior was shaped by that war and

its consequences. He had emerged from Austria with many prejudices,

including a powerful prejudice against Jews. Again, he was a product of

his times... for many Austrians and Germans were prejudiced against the

Jews.

In Hitler's case the prejudice had become maniacal it was a dominant

force in his private and political personalities. Anti-Semitism was not

a policy for Adolf Hitler--it was religion. And in the Germany of the

1920s, stunned by defeat, and the ravages of the Versailles treaty, it

was not hard for a leader to convince millions that one element of the

nation’s society was responsible for most of the evils heaped upon it.

The fact is that Hitler’s anti-Semitism was self-inflicted obstacle to

his political success. The Jews, like other Germans, were shocked by

the discovery that the war had not been fought to a standstill, as they

were led to believe in November 1918, but that Germany had , in fact,

been defeated and was to be treated as a vanquished country. Had Hitler

not embarked on his policy of disestablishing the Jews as Germans, and

later of exterminating them in Europe, he could have counted on their

loyalty. There is no reason to believe anything else.

On the evening of November 8, 1923, Wyuke Vavaruab State Cinnussuiber

Gustav Rutter von Kahr was making a political speech in Munich’s

sprawling Bürgerbräukeller, some 600 Nazis and right-wing sympathizers

surrounded the beer hall. Hitler burst into the building and leaped

onto a table, brandishing a revolver and firing a shot into the

ceiling. “The National Revolution,” he cried, “has begun!”

At that point, informed that fighting had broken out in another part of

the city, Hitler rushed to that scene. His prisoners were allowed to

leave, and they talked about organizing defenses against the Nazi coup.

Hitler was of course furious. And he was far from finished. At about

11 o’clock on the morning of November 9--the anniversary of the founding

of the German Republic in 1919--3,000 Hitler partisans again gathered

outside the Bürgerbräukeller.

To this day, no one knows who fired the first shot. But a shot rang

out, and it was followed by fusillades from both sides. Hermann Göring

fell wounded in the thigh and both legs. Hitler flattened himself

against the pavement; he was unhurt. General Ludenorff continued to

march stolidly toward the police line, which parted to let him pass

through (he was later arrested, tried and acquitted). Behind him, 16

Nazis and three policemen lay sprawled dead among the many wounded.

The next year, Röhm and his band joined forces with the fledgling

National Socialist Party in Adolf Hitler’s Munich Beer Hall Putsch.

Himmler took part in that uprising, but he played such a minor role that

he escaped arrest. The Röhm-Hitler alliance survived the Putsch, and

Öhm’s 1,500-man band grew into the Sturmabteilung, the SA, Hitler’s

brown-shirted private army, that bullied the Communists and Democrats.

Hitler recruited a handful of men to act as his bodyguards and protect

him from Communist toughs, other rivals, and even the S.A. if it got out

of hand. This tiny group was the embryonic SS.

In 1933, after the Nazi Party had taken power in Germany, increasing

trouble with the SA made a showdown inevitable. As German Chancellor,

the Führer could no longer afford to tolerate the disruptive

Brownshirts; under the ambitious Röhm, the SA had grown to be an

organization of three million men, and its unpredictable activities

prevented Hitler from consolidating his shaky control of the Reich. He

had to dispose of the SA to hold the support of his industrial backers,

to satisfy party leaders jealous of the SA’s power, and most important,

to win the allegiance of the conservative Army generals. Under pressure

from all sides, and enraged by an SA plot against him that Heydrich had

conveniently uncovered, Hitler turned the SS loose to purge its parent

organization.

They were too uncontrollable even for Hitler. They went about their

business of terrorizing Jews with no mercy. But that is not what

bothered Hitler, since the SA was so big, (3 million in 1933) and so out

of control, Hitler sent his trusty comrade Josef Dietrich, commander of

a SS bodyguard regiment to murder the leaders of the SA.

The killings went on for two days and nights and took a tool of perhaps

200 “enemies o the state.” It was quite enough to reduce the SA to

impotence, and it brought the Führer immediate returns. The dying

President of the Reich, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, congratulated

Hitler on crushing the troublesome SA, and the Army generals concluding

that Hitler was now their pawn--swore personal loyalty to him.

In April 1933, scarcely three months after Adolf Hitler took power in

Germany, the Nazis issued a degree, ordering the compulsory retirement

of “non-Aryans” from the civil service. This edict, petty in itself,

was the first spark in what was to become the Holocaust, one of the most

ghastly episodes in the modern history of mankind. Before he campaign

against the Jews was halted by the defeat of Germany, something like 11

million people had been slaughtered in the name of Nazi racial purity.

The Jews were not the only victims of the...

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