Mary Whiton Calkins Essay
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Mary Whiton Calkins was born on March 30, 1863 in Hartford, Connecticut, but spent most of her childhood in Buffalo, New York. Mary was the oldest of five children born to her Puritan mother and minister father. According to some sources, Calkin s father had a great distrust of public education, and preferred educating his children by boarding them with French and German families. It is recorded, though, that Mary Calkins graduated from an established high school in Newton, Massachusetts. Calkins indicated her interest in philosophy in high school by writing a graduation essay entitled "The Apology Plato should have written: a vindication of the character Xantippi." Johnson, 1997 & McHenry, 1995) Calkins entered Smith College in 1882 as a sophomore, but left the following spring when her sister became ill and died. She remained home the following academic year, studying Greek and tutoring two of her younger brothers. Calkins re-entered Smith College in the fall of 1984 with senior standing and graduated the following spring with a degree concentrated in classics and philosophy. (Johnson, 1997) After Calkins graduation from Smith, she spent a year studying social and economic issues with a women s organization called the Newton Social ScienceClub. Calkins researched her first paper entitled Sharing the Profits (1888), during this period (Johnson, 1997). The following year, Calkins, and her family went on a journey to Europe where Calkins attended Leipzig University for a short while and studied with Wilhelm Wundt. (McHenry, 1995). The Calkins family traveled on to Greece where Mary studied Modern Greek (Johnson, 1997). Calkins began her career in academia immediately upon her return when she was offered a position as a Greek teacher at Wellesley College. During her time at Wellesley, Calkins made her interests in philosophy known and she was recommended to fulfill the position of teaching courses in the emerging science of psychology. Calkins was appointed to the position on the condition that she study psychology for a year. Thus began Calkins search for a graduate program that would accept a woman student. Calkins was finally permitted to attend Harvard as a guest student after petitions from her father and the president of Wellesley smoothed the way (Johnson, 1997). Calkins entered Harvard in the fall of 1890 and studied with William James. Within a few weeks after the semester began, all the other students in James psychology program dropped out and Calkins enjoyed the privilege of being James only student. With the recent publication of James Principles of Psychology and almost unlimited access to the author, Calkins writes that she gained ... a vivid sense of the concreteness of psychology and of the immediate reality of finite individual minds with their thoughts and feelings. Of James text, Calkins said that each chapter of this incomparable treatise left some impress on my mind so that, to this day, I can turn with assurance to the chapter and page in which James considers this or that topic. (Calkins, 1930). Philosophy may have been Calkins primary interest, but she was clearly hooked on psychology. Besides studying with William James, Calkins, also in the fall of 1890, began studying unofficially with Edmund Sanford at Clark University in his psychology laboratory. (Johnson, 1997) With Sanford, Calkins began a study of dreams which concluded " in general the persons, places and events of recent sense perception and that the dream is rarely associated with that which is of paramount significance in one's waking experience. " These conclusions were soon buried by Freud s dream research, but Calkins took pride in anticipating several of Freud s findings such as Calkins and Sanford documented that all people dream although they may not remember it upon waking. Calkins presented her report on the dream study at the first meeting of the American Psychological Association (APA) the same year. Also while at Harvard, Calkins began her work on paired association. This was her first published work and contribution to psychology, appearing in the July, 1892 issue of the Philosophical Review. Calkins writes, I can hardly hope ever again to be so puffed with pride as when she found her work cited in William James Briefer Course in Psychology. For parts of three years, Calkins also worked in the Psychology Laboratory of Dane Hall with Hugo Munsterberg. She continued her work in association in the laboratory and published what would have been her doctor s thesis in Psychological Review Monograph Supplements in 1896. She was not allowed to present her thesis at Harvard nor receive her doctoral degree simply because she was a woman. Calkins was offered a degree from Harvard s sister college, Radcliffe, but refused it (Arens, 1995). Calkins did not seem bitter over her lack of degree, writing My natural regret at the action of the (Harvard) Corporation has never clouded my gratitude for the incomparably greater boon which they granted me -- that of working in the seminaries and the laboratory of the great Harvard teachers. She stated that this was a debt that could be acknowledged, but...
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