Mad Cow Disease Essay
While the free essays can give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used 'as is' because they will not meet your assignment's requirements. If you are in a time crunch, then you need a custom written term paper on your subject (mad cow disease)
Here you can hire an independent writer/researcher to custom write you an authentic essay to your specifications that will pass any plagiarism test (e.g. Turnitin). Waste no more time!
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a relatively new disease found primarily in cattle. This disease of the bovine breed was first seen in the United Kingdom in November 1986 by histopathological examination of affected brains (Kimberlin, 1993) . From the first discovery in 1986 to 1990 this disease developed into a large-scale epidemic in most of the United Kingdom, with very serious economic consequences (Moore, 1996).
BSE primarily occurs in adult cattle of both male and female genders. The most common age at which cows may be affected is between the ages of four and five (Blowey, 1991). Due to the fact that BSE is a neurological disease, it is characterized by many distinct symptoms: changes in mental state mad-cow', abnormalities of posture, movement, and sensation (Hunter, 1993). The duration of the clinical disease varies with each case, but most commonly lasts for several weeks. BSE continues to progress and is usually considered fatal (Blowey, 1991).
After extensive research, the pathology of BSE was finally determined. Microscopic lesions in the central nervous system that consist of a bilaterally symmetrical, non-inflammatory vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and grey-matter neuropil was the scientists' overall conclusion (Stadthalle, 1993). These lesions are consistent with the diseases of the more common scrapie family. Without further investigation, the conclusion was made that BSE was a new member of the scrapie family (Westgarth, 1994).
Transmission of BSE is rather common throughout the cattle industry. After the incubation period of one to two years, experimental transmission was found possible by the injection of brain homogenates from clinical cases (Swanson, 1990). This only confirmed that BSE is caused by a scrapie-like infectious agent.
How does the transmission become so readily available among the entire United Kingdom feedlot population? Studies showed that the mode of infection was meat and bone meal that had been incorporated into concentrated feedstuffs as a protein-rich supplement (Glausiusz, 1996). It
is thought that the outbreak was started by a scrapie infection of cattle, but the subsequent course of the epidemic was driven by the recycling of infected cattle material within the cattle population (Lyall, 1996). Although the average rate of infection is very low, the reason why this led to such a large number of BSE cases is that much of the United Kingdom dairy cattle population was exposed for many, continuous years (Kimberlin, 1993).
To help control the outbreak, the British government in 1988 introduced a ban on the feeding of ruminant protein to other ruminant animals (Lacey, 1995). Such knowledge for the pathogenesis of the BSE disease shows precisely the actions that must be taken in order to control and minimize the risk of infection in healthy cattle around the world (Darnton, 1996).
The appearance of BSE has made a sizable impact throughout much of the world even though few countries, other than the United Kingdom, have experienced positive cases (Burton, 1996). The scare of an outbreak in other countries has led to a great disruption in the trade economy, as well as other factors concerning each of the country's general welfare. However, a rapid increase in the understanding of the disease over the last four years leaves few unanswered questions of major importance (Masood, 1996). BSE has been prevented, controlled and eradicated.
As mentioned, BSE was first recognized in the United Kingdom and it is only there that a large-scale epidemic has occurred (Burton, 1996). By the end of 1990 well over 20,000 cases of BSE had been has been confirmed in England, Scotland, and Wales (Filders, 1990). The deadly epidemic started simultaneously in several parts of the country and cases have been distributed over a wide area ever since (Cowell, 1996).
Besides the United Kingdom, cases of BSE have occurred in the Republic of Ireland. Some of these cases were associated with the importation of live animals, meat, and bone meal from the United Kingdom (Cherfas, 1990).
Two cases of BSE have also occurred in cattle from the country of Oman. These animals were thought to be part of a consignment of fourteen pregnant heifers imported from England in 1985. Various cases have also been confirmed in Europe, Switzerland, and France (Patel, 1996).
The economic consequences of BSE in the United Kingdom have been considerable. At the beginning, the only losses due to BSE were those directly associated with the death or slaughter of BSE infected animals (Cowell, 1996). In August 1988, a slaughter policy with part compensation was introduced to help lessen the burden on individual farmers. As the number of BSE cases increased , and more farmers were experiencing a second case, full compensation was introduced in February 1990 (Moore, 1996). In 1989 alone over 8,000 suspected and confirmed cases of BSE were slaughtered. The compensation costs for the year were well over 2.8 million pounds and the slaughter costs amounted to 1.6 million pounds (Cockburn, 1996).
Once studies had identified meat and bone meal as the vehicle of infection, the United Kingdom Government banned the feeding of all ruminant-derived protein to ruminants (Glausiusz, 1996). This had an immediate impact on the cattle industry in terms of reduced exports and domestic sales of meat and bone meal (Hager, 1996). In 1990, the Commission of the European Communities banned the importation, from the United Kingdom, of all live cattle born before July 1988. Panic throughout the world caused many countries to entirely ban the importation of all live cattle from the United Kingdom. Some even went as far as to ban the importation of milk and milk products (Hunter, 1993).
BSE has also had economic consequences in the human food industries. In the winter of 1989/1990, the United Kingdom Government banned the use for human food of certain specified bovine meats which contained suspicious amounts of BSE (Cockburn, 1996). This ban was introduced as a precautionary measure to help ensure the risks to public health from BSE were kept to a minimum.
Most of the information concerning BSE has come from extensive studies of the scrapie agent. The agent is small enough to pass through bacteriological filters, thus demonstrating that it is virus-like or subviral in size (Kimberlin, 1993). Unfortunately, the agent has other properties which are atypical of viruses. The first contradiction is that infectivity is highly resistant to many physicochemical treatments, such as heat, and exposure to ionizing or ultra violet radiation (Swanson, 1990). Second, the disease does not induce an immune response from the host (Stadthalle, 1993). These two controversies along with the long incubation period explain why the scrapie group of agents have long been known as the "unconventional slow virus" (Westgarth, 1994).
BSE is clearly not a disease of genetic origin. It has occurred in the majority of United Kingdom dairy breeds and their crosses, in the proportion expected from their representation in the national herd (Kimberlin,...
MLA Style
. EssayMania.com. Retrieved on 25 May, 2012 from
<http://essaymania.com/107802/mad-cow-disease>
More College Papers
I Am A Rock essay
I Am A Rock
Paul Simon said that the person or people in his poem were sick of society, and wanted to be isolated away from society. He represents this by saying that they want to be like a rock, or like an island. They wanted to be isolated away from society.
The poem talks about people b
The Saonish Inquisition essay
The Spanish Inquisition was a revival of the old Medieval
Inquisition. It was established by King Ferdinand V and Queen Issabella I.
The two began confiscating property from the Muslims and Jews that had
been living in Spain since the 700 s. They started attacking and expelling all
Jews and Mu
Antigone essay
Literature is meant to provide a perspective on life. Phrases or quotes found in
works of literature may be used to help express one's own thoughts, to describe a particular
situation, or even to apply the circumstances in another piece of literature. Readers often
utilize literary quotes for t