Language Of The Cell Term paper
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THE LANGUAGE OF THE CELL
MAY 3rd, 1996 SCIENCE 10 AP
BOOK INFORMATION
LIBRARY: Fish Creek Area Library
NAME OF BOOK: The Language of the Cell
AUTHOR: Claude Kordon
PUBLISHER: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
PUBLICATION DATE: 1993
CALL NUMBER: 3 9065 03969 1246
DUE DATE: May 3rd, 1996
The cell is a complex and delicate system: It can be seen that the cell is the stage where everyday functions such as molecule movement, protein synthesis and tissue repair take place. All organelles within the cell are well rehearsed in their operations, but an error on an organelles behalf, can send the cell and it s organelles into panic. The efficiency rate of the cell plummets down to a low level. It does take some time for the dust to settle, and once the scripts are memorized, the cell is now ready to begin it s tasks again.
Since the 19th Century, it was known that all living things, whether they were plants or animals, were made up of cells. This whole idea has been given credit to an English Physicist, Robert Hook (1635-1703), when he looked at a thin slice of cork under powerful hand lens. Hook discovered a large number of cells. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) propounded this idea, that the cell is a basic structure and functional unit for all living organisms.
A cell can be a wide range of shapes and sizes, although most cells are microscopic. Inside a cell membrane, a nucleus can be seen. The nucleus is the control center of the cell. Between the nucleus and the membrane, there is a polysaccharide matrix called the cytoplasm, where organelles can be found. The organelles are attached to a framework. The cell s cytoskeleton.
Every living cell has the ability to detect signals from it s environment. The signals are usually in the form of chemical molecules, that the cell has learned to recognize. The cell decodes these molecules into messages, and acts upon them. The cell has a language . Signals and messages are carried by particles of matter that have a very low energy requirements. There are many, many signals rumbling around the cell. It was thought that the cell would confuse itself in all of that background signal noise. One defense is available to this question. The cell s decoding mechanisms are located downstream from the receptors. They are based on complex chemical reactions that take place in the cell membrane and control all the responses of the cell to the messages it receives.
Neuropeptides and polypeptide hormones, are made up of complex assemblies of amino acids, aligned in different sequences. In other cases, the amino acids are slightly transformed, as this is the case with well known transmitter substances such as epinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine and histamine.
Products made in the organelles within the cell, are sent to various destinations, both in and out of the cell. The cell has what amounts to a parcel delivery service, that is guided by addresses, by chemical tags or labels. These labels generally consist of fairly simple molecules (often sugars) attached to the product being forwarded and recognized by the structure for which it is intended.
When a cell messes up on a delivery, which doesn t happen very often, is usually the result of a genetic defect. The tag on the product being forwarded is usually mutated, therefore the receptor cannot recognize it. Sometimes, the receptor is mutated, meaning that it does not recognize the signal. The result of this is a botched cell. An example of this is a low density lipoprotein receptor. If the lipoprotein fails to sequester and internalize it s signal (cholesterol), then cholesterol can no longer be reincorporated in the cell, and it builds up in vessels, causing potentially fatal conditions.
Three recent discoveries about the cell tell us that;
A) Each cell is not simply controlled by an accelerator and an inhibitor, and the cell has the ability to recognize a great amount of signals.
B) The number of signals discovered in the body has increased tremendously.
C) Signals within the cell are not, as formerly believed, characteristic of an organ or function, but they are all found in nearly all organs and are associated with nearly all functions.
As mentioned earlier, signals are incredibly small, have low energy requirements and weigh approximately one billionth of a gram. Scientists have discovered new signals with the development of extremely effective chemical methods that make it possible to purify them and elucidate their structure. These advances and discoveries lead to a well understood field...
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