Paper For Further Thought Essay
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Something to think about: The wasps belonging to the order Hymenoptera of the family of Vespidae and the super-family, Vespoidea are the first papermakers to have prevailed on this earth for 300 million or so, since the middle Coal Age. She is a paper wasp who has been engaged in the art of making paper for millions of years; a winged queen of a complex social order who macerates dry wood in her mouth and employs the pulpy result to create habitat of paper for her empire. The progress of man may be divided in to three different groups or stages of development. These groups may be classified under these headings: Speaking - Drawing - Printing. The first of these evolutions, speaking has existed since the beginning of time. Prehistoric man early mastered an effective method of oral communication by the use of grunt like sounds that conveyed intelligible meaning among the peoples of primitive tribes; in the beginning there was no means of transferring ideas saved through human voice. But in the second stage of development of civilization is drawing through which, evolved a method of communication that raised mans intellectual powers to higher plane that could not be conveyed through speaking. Long after the period of drawing in the sands and upon the walls of caves, came the more workable materials such as wood, metal, stone, ceramics, leaves, barks, cloth, papyrus, and the parchment as basic surfaces upon which to inscribe hieroglyphics and characters, each of these substances, for want of a more flexible and pliable material, fulfilling its individual requirements through the centuries. It is incomprehensible that the third and final stage in the development of civilization is printing which so long to come after the invention of paper, for it was not until A.D. 770 that the first text printing upon paper was finally completed. If man may be considered as having reached a high state of civilization his gradual development is more directly due to the inventions of paper and printing than to all other factors. It is with these tools that humans are able convey and preserve their thought through an intelligible means of communication. Having set an evolutionary premise of paper we must now define paper in the purist sense and nobody says it better than, Noah Webster as he states, a substance made in the form of thin sheets or leaves from rags, straw, bark, wood, or other fibrous material, for various uses. To be classified as true paper the thin sheets must be made from fiber that has been macerated until each individual filament is a separate unit; the fibers intermixed with water, and by the use of a sieve-like screen, the fibers lifted from the water in the form of a thin layer, the water draining through the small openings of the screen, leaving a sheet of matted fiber on the screens surface. The manner in which the Chinese formed the first paper 105 years after the birth of Christ, and in our own time the most efficient papermaking machine employs precisely the same principles that are used today in papermaking. The actual fiber formation of paper has undergone no change in almost two thousand years. A ancient craft which has stood the test of time. The art of fabricating paper was zealously guarded by the Chinese. It was not until A.D. 600 that papermaking reached Korea, and about fifteen years later, Japan. In the eighth century Samarkand. From there papermaking traveled to Egypt and then to Morocco. Not long after, the industry reached Europe. In the twelfth century the Spanish were creating paper in Valencia. From there it quickly spread to France, where the first mill was set up in Troyes. Finally the craft of papermaking reached England in the late fifteenth century. Meanwhile paper was being made in Italian provinces. One of the first documented references to papermaking in Italy is a late thirteenth-century reference to mills at Fabriano where paper is still made today. The paper mills at Fabriano remained the most important, producing an unusually fine quality rag paper sized with animal glue. This type of manufacture was very popular with the papers of that time. The surface was smooth and excellent for writing and drawing. The use of animal sizing led to a greater acceptance of paper as a substitute for animal skin ( parchment, vellum) and the technique was quickly adopted by papermaking mills all over Europe. In France there is a legend that in 1147 a French citizen, Jean Montgolfier, was taken prisoner during the Second Crusade and sentenced to labor for three years in a Damascus papermill. There he was able to learn enough of the craft to set up his papermill after he returned to France. During the next two hundred years, papermills flourished in France and for many decades these mills provided the countries with fine paper for their various needs. Papermaking became an established craft in the Netherlands during the late sixteenth century. The Eighty Years War was in progress then and ties with the papermaking centers of France had been severed the year before the captured of Antwerp by the Spaniards. This created a migration northward from Antwerp to Amsterdam. By the end of the century Amsterdam became a melting pot of papermakers of many nationalities and the city grew into an international trade...
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