Midieval Pessimism Optimism Essay
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Beginning in the Thirteenth Century, Europe has undergone tremendous changes and has hit its proudest and most shameful points. Historians have long debated whether Europe+s past leads us to think pessimistically or optimistically in terms of the future. The events which occurred in the pre-Renaissance and Napoleonic eras, when combined with the Cold War and both World Wars can lead the human race to expect pessimstic outcomes for Europe+s future. Due to the poor conditions which humans fostered, as well as hostility to certain cultures and the allowance of dictatorial rules, which corrupted leading individuals, humanity can expect a negativistic outlook on the future, whether distant or near. Due to the allowance of poor conditions and the lack of acceptance of certain races or religions, humans should expect nothing more of the future than a disasterous reoccurrence of past events. As early as the Fourteenth Century, plethoric problems were beginning to arise in Europe. Starting in Italy, a massive plague, scientifically called |Pasteuritis PestisX, began to claim many lives throughout Europe. Carried by a flea infesting in a black rat, the disease spread by the poor shipping systems. Had the people kept better hygenial standards in their towns, the plague most likely would not have caused the extensive damage that it did. However, due to the overwhelming filth of the streets, which allowed the rat adn flea to survive, and the poor housing, which a rat could easily penetrate into, the disease spread from home to home. Since multiple people slept in one house, even in the same bed, the epidemic spread quickly, taking the lives of many Italians, then spreading to the rest of Europe. Without sufficient housing, health standards, or decent medical care, Europeans suffered slow, painful deaths. Victims of the disease who remained alive and needed help were placed in |hospitalsX, which did nothing but experiment on the sick, torturing victims, and spreading the disease more by not isolating patients. While historians could not explain the plague at the time, Europeans assumed that it was the fault of the Jewish Europeans. This early form of anti-semitism became popular due to the lack of understanding for the plague+s natural occurrence. While anti-semitism did not dissappear after the plague, it did not become prevolent again until the 1500+s, when Phillip II of Spain issued the Reconquista, which was an attempt to counter the Prodestant Reformation by emphasizing Catholicism. Phillip II expelled all Jews and Muslims because thay were not Catholic. By doing so, Phillip eliminated the buisiness class of Spain, since the Jews and the Muslims practically ran the economy. This stupidity by Spain+s monarch, which ultimately played a part in European inflation brought on by the overflow of gold from the Potosi mines in Peru, leads one to expect nothing from the future but more problems with society, brought on mostly by the human race. The major world wars, sparked by hostility towards nations by other major European powers, is another reason for pessimism towards the future of Europe. World War I, which started as a conflict between Austria and Germany, marked some of the lowest points in the history of mankind. Resorting to merciless, slow, and brutal trench warfare on Germany+s Western front, the soldiers experienced such brutal and unjust weaponry as the machine gun and mustard gas. These weapons, which slowly and painfully killed opposing soldiers, marked a low point in European history, since the soldiers were resorting to torturous killing in order to win land. For four years, the world was brutally involved in a total war...
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